くみこ

发达国家的农业和发展中国家的农业是两个不同的农业

正如工业存在劳动密集型和技术密集型两种类型一样，农业同样也存在这两种类型，后一种，大概就是霍克里奇先生说的油气密集型。所谓油气密集型，大多存在于发达国家，而在发达国家不存在饥饿问题，现在的转基因技术，大多也是发达国家所开发，所以这些转基因作物，并不是为了解决饥饿问题而研发，而且为了让人们吃上“更清洁更健康”的食品的目的而研发的。所以，如同我上一个回复一样的结论，转基因作物的确不能解决产量问题。而且我需要补充的一点是，转基因作物的确可能导致产量下降，因为转基因作物的抗虫抗逆的能力，是要需要作物付出额外能量的，虽然这种额外能量损耗对产量的影响会很小。另外有一点，我还没有完全理解的是：为什么说转基因作物是依赖与石油的？我不同意作者观点的依据，但是我赞成这个观点。转基因作物的确不能解决发展中国家的饥饿问题，其实，科技本身并不能解决任何饥饿问题和环境问题。因为科技只是一个手段，解决的是自然的问题，而饥饿以及污染都是人类的问题，人类的问题只能用人类的方法来解决，那就是政治和经济。人类不自我约束，经济不协调发展，那么那伟大的科技，都满足不了人类的欲望。世界粮食并不是不够，只是有钱人买了太多，而没钱的人因此吃不上饭。 - Aturen

Two Types of Agriculture

As industry is divided into labor-intensive industry and skill-intensive industry, agriculture has the same classification as industry. The counterpart of skill-intensive industry in agriculture probably refers to “oil-gas intensive agriculture” raised by Mr. Hockrich. The so-called “oil-gas intensive agriculture” mainly exists in developed countries. Now in developed countries, hunger is not a problem any more. And the technology of genetically modification is mainly researched in developed countries. Thus, the genetically modified crops are not for the purpose of solving hunger, but for “cleaner and better” food for people. So the result is just the same as my previous conclusion: genetically modified crops cannot solve the problem of output. Moreover, I have to add one point here, genetically modified crops do have the possibility of decreasing output, for the extra ability of insect resistance and stress tolerance need more energy to develop, although the portion of energy maybe little. Besides, I haven’t completely understood why genetically modified crops are relying on oil. I agree on this opinion although I don’t agree with the proof that the author provided. Genetically modified crops cannot solve the hunger problem in developing countries and that’s for sure, because technology is just a method of solving problem of nature, not the human problems—hunger and pollution. Human being’s own problems can only be solved by our methods—politic and economic. If human don't restrict his own behaviors and keep incongruence economic, great technology cannot meet our desire. Actually, food in the world is not insufficient. The poor don't have enough food because the rich buy too much.

疯牛病毒

牛海绵状脑病（Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE），又称疯牛病，是一种侵犯牛中枢神经系统的慢性的致命性疾病，由一种非常规的病毒——朊病毒（Prion）引起的一种亚急性海绵状脑病，这类病还包括绵羊的痒病、人的克-雅氏病（Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome , CJD）（又称早老痴呆症）以及最近发现的致死性家庭性失眠症等等。共同特征是：生物体的认知和运动功能严重衰退直至死亡。其中人的克-雅氏病是一种罕见的主要发生在50-70岁的可传播的脑病，产生的危害极大。

Bovine Spongiform Enceohalopathy (BSE)

Bovine Spongiform Enceohalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, is a subacute lethal disease which violates the central nervous system of cows. It is a subacute unconventional spongy brain disease caused by an unconventional virus—prion. Besides, this kind of diseases are scrapie of sheep, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome(CJD), which can also be called Alzheimer's disease, or lethal domestic insomnia found recently, etc. The common features of them are: organism’s recognition and motor function are seriously declined until its death. Among them CJD is a rare spreadable brain disease which is infected mainly in the 50-70 years old and does a lot harm to the patients.

什么是血吸虫

血吸虫也称裂体吸虫（schistosoma）。寄生于人体的血吸虫种类较多，主要有三种，即日本血吸虫（s．japonicum）、曼氏血吸虫（s．mansoni）和埃及血吸虫（s．haematobium）。此外，在某些局部地区尚有间插血吸虫（s．intercalatum），湄公血吸虫（s．mekongi）和马来血吸虫（s．malayensis）寄生在人体的病例报告。

寄生于人体的血吸虫在形态、生理和生活史等方面，有许多不同于其它人体寄生吸虫，如血吸虫系雌雄异体；成虫在肠系膜静脉或膀胱静脉丛寄生，虫卵从粪或尿中排出，因虫种而异；尾蚴的尾部分叉，在水中经皮肤侵入缩主；生活史中无雷蚴和囊蚴阶段。兹以日本血吸虫为例，作较详细叙述，并扼要介绍曼氏血吸虫和埃及血吸虫。

What is schistosome?

Schistosome is also called schistosoma. There are quite a lot kinds of schistosomes paratisizing in human bodies. The three main species of schistosome are: s. japonicum, s. mansoni and s. haematobium. Besides, there are reports of other trematode worms found in human bodies in some areas, like s.intercalatum, s.mekongi and s. malayensis.

Schistosomes that paratisizing in humans differ greatly from other distomas in the aspects of pattern, physiology and life history, etc. For example, schistosome is gonochorism; and the imago paratisizes in mesentery vein or bladder veniplex; the ovums are discharged from dung or urine, which differs from the species of schistosome. Another example is cercaria, whose tail part is diverged. It is liberated from the snail burrow into skin and transforms without redia and brood capsule stage in life history. Herewith we would take s. japonicum as an example, narrate it in detail, and introduce s. mansoni and s. haematobium briefly.

流产之后的保养

手术後你至少应该拿到四钟口服药。
　　一是TYLENOL，这是止痛药。手术之後你可能会感觉痉挛性疼痛，和痛经的感觉非常想像，如果比较厉害的话，服这种药；
　　二是antibiotics（抗生素），这是防止感染的，前面提到过；
　　三是Gravol，这是因为术後某些人会有呕吐现象，如果感觉恶心，头晕，可以服这种药，这种药不需医生处方，也很便宜，建议你也买了备用；
　　四是birthcontrolpills（避孕药），术後很快就应该服，因为这主要是调节荷尔蒙，刺激卵巢，促进卵巢持续排卵，这样大约一个月的时间你可以恢复正常的月经。但是要注意，因为避孕药是和抗生素同时服用，避孕药的避孕作用会被抵销，所以术後至少两个星期不可性交。在诊所你可能会听说有人术後马上又怀孕的，真是不走运，或者她性要求也太多了点儿。

Maintenance After Miscarriage

You should at least get four kinds of internal medicine after operation.

First is the TYLENOL, the pain-killer. After the operation you may feel convulsive pain, which is very similar to dysmenorrhea. This medicine is to be taken when the pain increases.

Second is the antibiotics, which is anti-infected and metioned above.

Third, you may take Gravol for symptoms like disgusting, nausea, or dizzy. This medicine is OTC and inexpensive. You can buy it and as a spare medicine.

The last one is birthcontrolpills. You should take it soon after the operation because it is a hormone regulator, which could promote ovulation and emmenia so that you can back to normal emmenia in about one month. However, you should note that birthcontrolpills and antibiotics are taken at the same time so that birthcontrolpills’ contraception effect could be counteracted. Thus, you should avoid sexual intercourse for at least two weeks after operation. In clinic you may hear that someone is pregnant soon after the operation. That is so unlucky! Or she may ask too much sex.

形象记忆

以感知过的事物形象为内容的记忆。通常以表象形式存在，所以又称"表象记忆"。它是直接对客观事物的形状、大小、体积、颜色、声音、气味、滋味、软硬、温冷等具体形象和外貌的记忆，直观形象性是其显著的特点。形象记忆按照主导分析器的不同，可分为视觉的、听觉的、触觉的、味觉的和嗅觉的等等。人的形象记忆发展的水平受社会实践活动制约，如音乐家擅长听觉形象记忆，画家擅长视觉形象记忆。大多数人的形象记忆均属混合型。

Imaginal memory

Imaginal memory is a memory of images, which reflect things that we perceived. It exists in the form of images; so it is also called “ image memory”. Featured of visual iconicity, it is a direct memory of specific figure and appearance of things, for example, shape, size, volume, color, smell, taste, hardness, temperature, etc. According to leading analyzer, imaginal memory can be divided into visual, acoustic, gustatory, olfactory, etc. Imaginal memory is conditioned by social practice; say musicians are good at acoustic imaginal memory; while painters are good at visual imaginal memory. Most people is of mixed imaginal memory.

药物不良反应的预防

每种药物都存在出现不良反应的可能，医生在开写处方时必须权衡利弊。利大于弊才有应用价值，但是利和弊很难用数学公式来表达。用药要考虑治疗疾病，还要考虑对病人生活质量的影响，如轻微咳嗽、感冒、肌肉痛，频发性头痛可用非处方药治疗，副作用小，非处方药治疗这些轻微的不适，安全性很大，但如同时服用其他药会增加不良反应。相反，对于严重疾病甚至危及生命的情况如心肌梗死、肿瘤、器官移植排异反应，就有必要用药，即便药物可引起严重不良反应。

Prevention of adverse drug reaction

All medicines have the possibility of adverse drug reactions, so doctors must weigh the advantages and disadvantages when writing a prescription. It is considered worthy of using the medicine when advantages outweigh disadvantages. However, advantages and disadvantages are so hard to calculate by mathematical formula. Medicines should cure the disease; moreover, how the side effects infect patient’s life, say slight cough, the cold, muscle pain, frequent headache, is to be considered, too. The adverse drug reactions above are slight side effects and can be safely cured by non-ethicals. But other medicines taken together would add the adverse reactions. On the contrary, for the serious disease sometimes even pernicious to life, such as myocardial infarction, tumor, organ transplant rejection reaction, medicines are necessary, even if serious adverse drug reactions are caused.

肾结石的治疗方法

1.对症治疗：解痉、止痛、补液、抗炎、中药治疗。
2.排石治疗：结石直径＜1.0厘米，肾功能好，无合并感染，病程短，能活动的患者选用。
3.溶石治疗：服用药物，大量饮水，调节尿液ph值，控制饮食种类等方法。适合于尿酸盐及胱氨酸结石。
4.体外震波碎石术。
5.经皮肾镜取石，碎石术。
6.手术治疗：根据不同病情选用肾盂切开取石术，肾实质切开取石术，肾部份切除术，肾切除术，肾造瘘术和体外肾切开取石术等。

Kidney Stones Treatment

1.Heteropathy: spasmolysis, acesodyne, fluid supplementation, anti-inflammation therapy and Chinese herbs therapy.

2.Stone expelling therapy: patients who are to be treated by this therapy is capable of moving and without concurrent infection and failing kidney. Moreover, the diameter of kidney stones is less than 1cm.

3.Litholytic therapy: by means of taking medicines, drinking a lot of water, adjusting urinary pH value, dieting etc. This therapy applies to urate and cystine calculus.

4.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

5.Take out the stones by percutaneous nephroscope, then use lithotripsy.

6.Surgical treatment: according to symptoms operation should be chosen from pelvilithotomy, renal parenchyma lithotomy, partial renal resection, renal resection, nephrostomy and external nephrolithotomy.

腹膜后肿瘤

原发性腹膜后肿瘤是指发生在腹膜后间隙的肿瘤，腹膜后肿瘤主要来自腹膜后间隙的脂肪，疏松结缔组织、肌肉、筋膜、血管、神经、淋巴组织等，并不包括原在腹膜后间隙的各器官（肾、胰、肾上腺及输尿管等）的肿瘤。是一种较少见的肿瘤。以恶性居多，约占70％。良性肿瘤以畸胎瘤、神经鞘瘤、纤维瘤为多见，恶性肿瘤以脂肪肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、胚胎癌、神经纤维肉瘤和恶性淋巴瘤为多。

Retroperitoneal Tumor

Primary retroperitoneal tumor refers to a tumor in retroperitoneal space. Retroperitoneal tumor comes mainly from fat, loose connective tissue, muscle, aponeurosis, vessel, nerves, lymphatic tissue, etc, in retroperitoneal space,not including tumors in organs of retroperitoneal space( kidney, pancreas, adrenal gland and ureter). It is a rare and malignant tumor, about 70% is not optimum. Benign tumor are usually teratoma, neurinoma and fibroma; while malignant tumors always represent liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, embryonal carcinoma, neurofibrosarcoma and lymphoma.

膀胱癌

 

膀胱肿瘤是常见肿瘤，在发达国家或地区发病率较高。国外，膀胱肿瘤的发病率在男性泌尿生殖系肿瘤中仅次于前列腺癌，居第2位；在国内则占首位，近年且有增加之势。膀胱壁由内向外分为粘膜、粘膜下层和肌层。在肌层外分为脂肪蜂窝组织及覆盖于膀胱顶部的膜。膀胱的内壁可分为三角区、三角后区、颈部、两侧壁及前壁。两输尿管口之间连线为三角区底线。三角区是膀胱内腔的主要部分。膀胱肿瘤大部分发生在三角区、两侧壁及颈部。

 

Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder

 

The tumor of bladder is a common tumor and its rate of incidence is high in developed countries or areas. In foreign countries, the rate of incidence of bladder tumor rank second only to prostatic cancer and is the second highest; while in our country, it is the highest rate of incidence and incline to increase in recent years. A bladder wall consists of mucosa, mucosa lining and muscular layer(from inside to outside). Muscular layer then can be divided into fat honeycomb weave and film that covers surface of bladder. Inner wall of bladder consists of triangular part, triangular postzone, cervical part, side walls and front wall. The line connect two ureteral orifices is also the bottom line of triangular part. Triangular part is the main part of bladder lumen. Bladder tumor is usually in triangular part, side walls and cervical part.

慢性粒细胞性白血病

 

慢粒是一种骨髓增殖性疾病，其特点是粒系(包括已成熟的和幼稚阶段的粒细胞)产生过多。在疾病早期，这些细胞尚具有分化的能力，且骨髓功能是正常的。本病常于数年内保持稳定，最后转变为恶性程度更高的疾病。本病患者以年龄在30～40岁间居多，20岁以下者罕见。

 

Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia

 

Chronic Granulocytic leukemia is a marrow fertile disease, which features excessive granular leukocytes(including both mature and young granulocytes). In early period of the disease, these cells are still capable of division and the marrow funtion is normal. And in several years patient’s condition is stable but it finally transfer into a maglinant disease. People with the disease are mostly among 30-40 years old; 20 years old patient is very rare.

继发性臂丛神经炎

 

臂丛神经炎，起病急性或亚急性，疼痛剧烈，先起于一侧锁骨及肩部，然后向上臂、前臂及手放射。发病前后可有发烧，可伴患手麻木、上肢无力。可侵及臂丛的任意束支，以尺神经及正中神经受侵机会较多。患肢外展、下垂时疼痛加重，故病人多以手扶或悬吊患肢，继之出现肩部及上肢麻痹、肌萎缩。 　　 检查锁骨上区压痛明显，有放射痛，被动外展、上举上肢可诱发剧痛。患肢感觉减退，前锯肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、三角肌麻痹或萎缩。发病过程先是痛，其次出现运动障碍及肌肉萎缩。持续数周或数月才缓解。

 

Secondary Brachial Plexus Neuritis

 

Brachial plexus neuritis is an acute or subacute disease with intense pain. First the pain starts from one side of the collarbone and shoulder, then spreads to upper arm, forearm and hand. Fever may last before or during the illness. Besides, there may have other symptoms like hand numbness, upper arm weakness. Any bundle branch of brachial plexus or median nerve and other nerve are easy to be infected. When stretching or drooping the infected arm, pains double. Therefore, patients always hold their infected arm by hand or hang it by other divices which results in shoulder and upper arm paralysis and amyotrophy. If there are distinct radial pains when we press the collarbone area, intense pain would be induced by stretching or lifting the arm upwards. The feelings of infected arm drops off and serratus anterior muscle, supraspinous muscle, infraspinous muscle, and deltoid paralyze or shrink. The process is from pain first to dyskinesia, then muscle shrinks. These symptoms would last for a few weeks or months before the illness relieves.

胸透

 

胸透检查目的：主要看心，隔，肺有无异常，最主要是发现结核 　　胸透全称荧光透视，为常用X线检查方法。它是利用X线具有穿透性、荧光性和摄影效应的特性，使人体在荧屏上形成影像，由于人体组织有密度和厚度的差别，当X线穿透人体不同组织时，X线被吸收的程度不同，所以到达荧屏上的X线量就有差异，形成黑白对比不同的影像，为医生的诊断提供依据。

 

Chest X-ray

 

Purpose of chest x-ray: to check if there are abnormal conditions of heart, diaphragm and lung. The most important is to check tuberculosis. Chest X-ray is short for fluoroscopy and is a kind of x-ray examination in common use. As x-ray has characteristics of penetrability, fluorescence and photographic effect, human body forms its optical impression on the screen. There are differences between thickness and density of organs, so x-rays absorbing rate is different. Therefore, there are white and black shadows on the screen, which provide proof for doctor’s diagnosis.

抑制死

 

抑制死，是指由于身体某些部位受到轻微的，对正常人不足以构成死亡的刺激或外伤，通过反射在短时间内心跳停止而死亡，尸体检验未发现明确死因者，称为抑制死。有的抑制死发生在接受某种医疗检查或治疗措施中，如胸、腹穿刺，尿道扩张、引流等，因而易引起医患纠纷。 抑制死在病理上仅有猝死的一般性改变，而无特殊病变。因此鉴定是否为抑制死，主要运用排除法，即排除病变死亡的因素。在确认无致死性病变，无致命外伤，无中毒证据，受害人死亡与外界刺激有明显因果关系，才能确定为抑制死亡。

 

Death from Inhibition

 

Death from inhibition refers to a sudden death which caused by some slight irritations and hurts in some parts of body. These irritations and hurts cannot threaten a normal person’s life, but can cease the beating of heart then cause a sudden death, even the cause of which cannot be found by postmortem examination. There are cases of death from inhibition in medical examination or treatment, for example, thorax and abdominal cavity puncture, urethral dilatation, conduction, etc. And disputes between doctor and patient always arouse from such cases. Death from inhibition just has common changes and no particular pathological changes. Therefore, we mainly use exclusive method to identify death from inhibition, namely to exclude factors of pathological changes. After we confirm that there are no fatal pathological changes, no fatal trauma, no poison proof, and the death clearly connected to external irritation, death from inhibition is judged.

速降滑雪

 

在所有的陆地滑翔运动中，速降滑雪是最接近极限运动宗旨的项目之一。速降滑雪运动快速，多变，身体与大自然相融，给人以刺激与享受。人们会情不自禁地去追求、参与，而忽视了自身的安全，这是速降滑雪中最危险的一个问题。速降滑雪很容易使人不知不觉地处于兴奋之中，尤其是年轻人，经常会不顾自身技术的不足超速滑行。这时不但容易造成自身的损伤，也会给其他滑雪者造成损伤。另外，如果准备活动不充分、不熟悉地形、睡眠不足或身体状况欠佳，都会成为潜在的危险诱因。

 

Downhill Ski

 

Among all the sliding sports in land, downhill ski is one of the sports which are the closest to the concept of ultimate exercise. Downhill ski is a prompt, changeful sports and human body enters into nature so that skier gets excitement and enjoyment from it. Therefore, people can not help pursuing and taking part into it, but ignore safety of themselves, which is the most dangerous aspect of this exercise. Downhill ski can easily lead people into a spirit of excitement; especially for young men, they usually ski at excessive speed, regardless of their poor skills. Then not only the skier hurts himself, but also hurt other skiers. Moreover, situations like insufficient preparation, unfamiliar with the terrain, lack of sleep or unhealthiness, are all potential causes of danger.

冷水浴

 

冷水浴是一种利用自然因素锻炼的方法。冷水浴能提高机体对寒冷刺激的适应能力，当人体一接触冷水刺激时，皮肤血管急剧收缩，使大量血液流向人体深部组织和器官；继而，皮肤血管又扩张，大量血液复又流向体表。这样，全身血管都参加了舒缩运动。这种血管一舒一缩的锻炼，可以增加血管的弹性，有利于防治动脉硬化、高血压和冠心病。冷水浴锻炼时，由于血液的重新分配和骨髓造血功能的增强，能使血液里的红细胞和血红蛋白增多，从而使人面色红润、精力充沛。同时，此种锻炼能使人皮肤弹性增加、皱纹消失，这些都具有显著的美容作用。冷水浴还通过加深呼吸、增加膈肌活动度、加大肺通气量而增强肺功能。通过促进胃肠蠕动，它能有效地改善消化功能；而通过增加热量释放、减少脂肪在皮下堆积，能起到减肥作用。冷水浴适用于防治心血管疾病、慢性支气管炎和肺气肿、早期高血压、胃下垂、便秘、高血脂等疾病，还适用于减肥、美容和提高免疫力、健身防衰老等目的的锻炼。

 

Psychrolusia

 

Psychrolusia is a physical training method by natural factor. It can improve the organism’s adaptability to cold irritation. The minute our body is irritated by the cold water, the skin vessels shrink promptly so that a lot of blood flows to deep organism and system. Then, skin vessels expand and a lot of blood flows back to surface. Thus, vessels in all parts of body do the shrink-and-expand movement, which can improve flexibility of vessels, prevent arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure and coronary disease. When bathing in cold water, due to redistributing of blood and improvement of marrow hematopoiesis, red cell and hemoglobin in blood would increase and people become flushing and energetic. Meanwhile, by this practice flexibility of skin can be improved and wrinkles may disappear, which are distinct cosmetology. Psychrolusia has other effects: to strengthen musculus diaphragm mobility by deepening breath; to improve lung function by increasing pulmonary ventilation volume; to improve digestion by hastening gastrointestinal peristalsis; to decrease fat under skin by releasing more carlories (help to loose weight). Psychrolusia applies to prevent diseases like angiocardiopathy, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, early period of high blood pressure, gastroptosis, constipation, hyperlipemia. It can also be used to loose weight, beautify face and skin, improve immunity, build body and prevent aging.