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Monday Mar 26, 2007

汉语意合与英语形合

 英语句子结构特点:主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,叠床架屋,都有语法。这是说英语是形合(hypotaxis)的语言,结构严谨。汉语句子结构特点:话题说明,叙述分层,可断可续,意尽为界。这是说汉语是意合(parataxis)的语言,结构松散,形散而神聚,用词简洁。因此,英译汉的技巧是:形合变意合,显性变隐性,去掉关联词语。汉译英的技巧是:意合变形合,隐性变显性,增加关联词语。
1、怎样理解汉语意合
由于汉语属于分析性语言(analytical lanuage),缺乏屈折变化(inflections),句子各部分的相互关系有时不是十分明显,需要从上下文和整句整段意思中去推敲,稍一不慎,就会出错。
(1)从句子结构理解
原文:许多人不敢公开承认我国人民内部还存在着矛盾,正是这些矛盾推动着我们的社会向前发展。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第372页)
译文:Many dare not openly admit that contradictions still exist among the people of our country, while it is precisely these contradictions that are pushing our society forward.
说明:“承认”管到哪里?只管前半句,后半句是评语。两句是并列关系。英语用while表示两者同时存在。
(2)从上下文理解


原文:我们还在一切老解放区大大地推广了农业生产互助的组织,并且着手组织半社会主义的农业生产合作社,取得了一些经验。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第184页)


译文:...we greatly extended the organization of agricultural producers' mutaul-aid teams in all the old liberated areas, where we also began to form semi-socialist agricultural producer's co-operatives and gained some experience.


说明:“取得了一些经验”指什么经验?是指互助组,还是指合作社,还是两者都在内?从上下文看,讲的是合作社。英译文用where与前半隔开,意思更为清楚。


(3)从逻辑关系理解


原文:人们对事物的运动观察得不合实际状况,时间还没有到,他过头了。就叫“左”倾,不及,就叫右倾。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第214页)


译文:If the observation you make of the movement of things does not agree with reality, it is a "Left" deviation if your judgment is premature, and it is a Ringht deviation if your judgment lags behind.


说明:这句是总说与分说的关系,对运动观察不合实际善是总过,“过头”与“不及”是分说,或者一因二果,都是观察不符合客观实际的结果。


(4)从意义理解


原文:它将联合一切爱好和平自由的国家、民族和人民、首先是联合苏联和各新民主国家,以为自己的盟友。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第9页)


译文:It will unite and ally itself with all peace-loving and freedom-loving countries, nations and peoples, and first of all with the Soviet Union and the New Democracies...


说明:中文“盟友”是指全体,还是限于苏联和各新民主国家和人民?不论从意义或从中文句子结构看,盟友都应包括全体在内。



2、怎么变为英语形合


(1)汉语叙事句一边串的短句,要用连词连起来。


原文:在一千三百年前,已经发明了刻版印刷。在八百年前又发明了活字印刷。


译文:Block-printing was invented 1,300 years ago, and movable type 800 years age.


说明:二句合为一句。


(2)使用分词


原文:三个人缓步而行。他们都在四五十风的样子,每个人摇着一把白纸扇。


译文1:There came three men. They advanced slowly. All of them were forty to fifty years old and each of them carried a white paper fan with them.


译文2:Fanning themselves with white paper fans, three men advanced slowly, all some forty to fifty years old.


说明:译文2译为1句,主从关系一目了然。


(3)使用名词短语作主语


汉语含时间、条件、原因状语的句子常可译为主语,用名词、动作名词、动名词等表示。


原文:再坐一小时的车,就可以到那个村了。


译文:Another hour's ride will bring us to the village.


原文:听了这消息,我就放心了。


译文:The news assured me.


原文:有了现代化的飞机,世界似乎小多了。


译文:Fast weather prevented us from going.


原文:天气太坏,我们无法动身。


译文:Bad weather prevented us from going.


原文:你好好比较一下,就可以发现他们的不同。


译文:Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.


(4)使用定语


原文:马圈里,拴着三匹马,正在嚼草料。牲口都是养得肥肥壮壮的。(周立波《暴风骤雨》)


译文:In the stable three strong and fat horses were eating mash.


说明:汉语后一句修饰前一句中某个成分,译为英语后可把句变为定语。


(5)使用标点


原文:他们在社会上不要中间势力,在党内不允许人家改正错误,不准革命。


译文:In society the dogmatists rejected the middle forces and inside the Party they did not allow people to correct their mistakes; they barred both from the revolution.


说明:如照中文顺序译下来,“不准革命”很可能理解为指党内,但这里应该包括党内外,将第二个逗号改为分号,第三句把前两句都包括了。


原文:It is true that some ads are quite harmful and misleading. The only thing concerned is money.


修改:It is true that some ads are harmful and misleading; the only important thing is money.


说明:原文中的两句可用分号加以合并,应当避免过多简单句的排列。


原文:First, as our society advances, our demands have become more and more diversified. But our leisure time is becoming more and more limited.


修改:The first reason is that, as our society advances, our demands have become more and more diversified, but our leisure time is becoming more and more limited.


说明:为了使行文转折自然可考虑改为:The first reason is that...;此外,原文中的两句可合为一句,表达将更清晰精炼:“...our demands have become more and more diversified, but our leisure time is becoming....”。


(6)句子改为副词性短语


原文:What's more, nobody can serve you at the moment.


修改:Any way, nobody can serve you at the moment.


说明:What's more不用于口语,只用于正式的书面语体或学术会议报告。


原文:One day, it was our birthday....


修改:One day, on our birthday...


原文:It was October 1, I traveled with my classmates.


修改:On October first, I traveled with my classmates.或....I took a trip with my classmates.


(摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义)

Friday Mar 23, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——学校教育

adolescent rebellion 青少年反抗情绪

all-round development 全面发展

appraisal 鉴定

auditory 听觉的

bilingual education 双语教育

career education 职业教育

certificate of merit 奖状

cognitive input 认知输入

cognitive operation 认知活动

comment, remark 评语

compulsion 强迫

conventional thinking 传统思维

corporal punishment 体罚

credit 学分

credit system 学分制

critical thinking 批判性思维

curriculum development 课程发展

data analysis 数据分析

deduction 推理

degree program 学历课程

delinquent behavior 不良行为

divergent thinking 发散性思维

dropout 辍学者

educate the person as well as impart book knowledge 教书育人

educational statistics 教育统计

elicitation 诱导,启发

environmental sanitation环境卫生

evaluation 评价

food allowance 伙食津贴

formal education 正规教育

grading system 评分制度

graduation filed practice 毕业实习

graduation project毕业设计

healthy personality 健康人格

humanities 人文学科

hygiene卫生

hypothesis 假设

independent thinking 独立思考

induction归纳

instruction, education 教育

intelligence quotient智商

juvenile delinquency 少年犯罪

knowledge and cognition 知识与认知

liberal arts course 通才课程

matriculation 入学注册,录取入学

mental growth 智力发展

monograph, treatise 专题论文

monographic study 专题研究

moral, intellectual, physical, esthetic and labor
education
德智体美劳教育

panel discussion 有一组专家主持的会议

peer pressure同伴压力

pop quiz突击测验

prenatal education 胎教

primary education 初等教育

quality education 素质教育

random随意的

reliability 可靠性

repeater留级生

resource teacher training program骨干老师培训项目

secondary education 中等教育

self-image 自我形象

seminar研讨

sequential 有序的

stipend, subsidy助学金

symposium 专题研讨会

tuition(fee)学费

school year学年

standardized test 标准考试

term, semester 学期

tutoring辅导

universal education 全民(普及)教育

validity效度

voluntary labor 义务劳动

workshop 计论活动

 

 

时事阅读词汇总结——国际关系

all countries, big or small, should be equal. 国家不分大小,应该一律平等.

an established principle of international law 国际法准则

apartheid, racial segregation 种族隔离

arms dealer, merchant of death 军火商

asylum 庇护,避难

bilateral and multilateral economic cooperation 双边和多边经济合作

bilateral trade 双边贸易

breadth of territorial sea 领海宽度

boundary negotiation边界谈判

country of one’s residence 侨居国

complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons 全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器

colonialism and neo-colonialism 新老殖民主义

consultations 磋商

dependency附庸国

developing countries发展中国家

develop relations of peace and friendship,
equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability
发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系

develop the national economy 发展民族经济

disputed areas 有争议的地区

dual nationality 双重国籍

ecocide生态灭绝

establish normal state relations 建立正常的国家关系

exchange needed goods 互通有无

exclusive economic zone 专属经济区

extradition 引渡

fishery resources 渔业资源

friendly exchanges 友好往来

frontier region, border region 边界地区

fundamental rights 基本权利

generally-accepted principles of
international relations
公认的国际关系原则

genocide种族灭绝

imperialism帝国主义

inalienability of territory 领土的不可割让性

in consideration of the actual conditions 照顾现实情况

international situation 国际形势

international waters 国际水域

joint action 共同行动

limits of territorial sea 领海范围

maintain neutrality保持中立

make up for each other’s deficiencies取长补短

maritime resources 海洋资源

merger of states 国家合并

mutual understanding and mutual
accommodation
互谅互让

national boundary国界

Near East近东

negotiate through diplomatic channels 通过外交途径进行谈判

neutral state, neutral country  中立国

neutralized state 永久中立国

never to attach any conditions不附带任何条件

non-aligned countries不结盟国家

normalization of relations 关系正常化

outer space 外层空间

patrimonial sea承袭海

peddle munitions 贩卖军火

people-to-people contacts and exchanges人民之间的联系和交流

plebiscite公民投票

political fugitive政治逃犯

political offender政治犯

protectorate(被)保护国

reduction or cancellation of debts 减轻债务负担

refugee camp 难展营

right of residence 居留权

rudimentary code of international relations
国际关系中最起码的准则

sacred and inviolable 神圣不可侵犯

safeguard national sovereignty and national
resources
保卫国家主权和民族资源

safeguard world peace维护世界和平

seek a fair and reasonable solution 求得公平合理的解决

sole legal government 惟一合法政府

solve disputes by peaceful means 用和平手段解决争端

sovereign state主权国家

status quo of the boundary边界现状

suzerain state, metropolitan state 宗主国

suzerainty 宗主权

take concerted steps 采取协调行

territorial air 领空

territorial contiguity 领空毗连

territorial sea领海

territorial waters 领水

territorial jurisdiction 领土管辖权

territorial integrity 领土完整

the third world第三世界

trusteeship 托管制度

200-nautical mile maritime rights 二百海里海洋权

undertake obligations in respect of the
nuclear-free zone
对无核区承担义务

Zionism犹太复国主义


Thursday Mar 22, 2007

长句分译理论与技巧

一、内容复杂要分译


有些汉语特色句如流水句,叙事句,描写句都可能很长。汉译英时要把汉语的连锁说明分译成不同的句子,汉语觉得断了气,可英语句子容纳不了那么多信息,必须分句。


原文:任何工作任务,如果没有一般的普遍的号召,就不能动员广大群众行动起来。但如果只限于一般号召,而领导人员没有具体地直接地从基于组织上所号召的工作深入浅出实施,突破一点,取得经验,然后利用这种经验去指导其他单位,就无法考验自己提出的一般号召是否正确,也无法充实一般号召的内容,就有使一般号召归于落空的危险。(毛泽东,《关于领导方法的若干问题》)


译文:In any task, if no general and widespread call is issued, the broad masses cannot be mobilized for action. But if persons in leading positions confine themselves to a general call--if they do not personally, in some of the organization,go deeply and concretely into the work called for, make a break-through at some single point, gain experience and use this experience and use this experience for guiding other units--then they will have no way of testing the correctness or of enriching the content of their general call, and there is the danger that nothing may come of it.(Mao Zedong,"Some Questions Concerning Methods of Leadership")


分析:这句80个词,太长。


从汉语来讲,有些句子长,内容十分复杂,译不成一个英语句子,从英语句子结构上来说不允许,必须分译为几句。如:


原文:我党在“三反”中基本上解决了中央、大行政区、省市和专区四级许多工作人员中的贪污和浪费两个问题,也基本上解决了许多领导者被领导的机关人员相脱离的这一部分官僚主义的问题;但对于不了解人民群众的痛苦,不了解离开自己工作机关稍远一点的下情,不了解县区乡三级干部中存在着许多命令主义和违法乱纪的坏人坏事,或者虽然对于这些坏人坏事有一些了解,但是熟视无睹,不引起义愤,不感觉问题严重,因而不采取积极办法去支持好人,惩治坏人,发扬好事,消灭坏事,这样一方面的官僚主义,则在许多地区、许多方面和许多部门,还是基本上没有解决。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第72页)


译文:①In teh movement against the "three evils", our Party has basically solved the two problems of corruption and waste among many of our cadres at four levels, the central, the greater administrative area, the provincial and municipal, and the prefectural. ② It has also basically overcome one kind of bureaucracy, namely, that which alienates many leading cadres from those working under them. ③But the problem of the following kind of bureaucracy has not been basically solved in many areas, departments and fields of work. ④Some leading cadres are ignorant of people's hardships, of the conditions in suboradinate units only a short distance from their offices, and of the fact that among the cadres at the county, district and township levels there are many bad people guilty of commandism and violations of the law and of discipline. ⑤Or they may have some knowledge of such bad people and bad deeds, but turn a blind eye to them, feel no indignation, are not aware of the seriousness of the matter and so take no positive measure to back up good people and punish the bad or to encourage good deeds and stop bad ones.


说明:中文句子长达200多字,英译文分成5句,清楚多了。把从“这样一方面的官僚主义”起到句末提到前面,中英文顺序不同。


二、分译技巧


单其昌先生在《汉英翻译技巧》中说的断名技巧是:在一个句子里实际不止包含一个意思,而是包含两个或两个以上的意思,如果这样的句子直译成一个英语句子,则使得一个英语句子不止包含一个意思,这样从英文角度来讲,就显得句子意思不明确。因此,最好还是分成两句或几句来译。


综合各家论述,以及翻译实例,长句分译问题可从下列几个方面来考虑。


1、转折复句


在说话的语气上有转折,如前一半是叙述,后一半疑问、反问或感叹。


原文:让那些内外反动派在我们面前发拦罢,让他们去说我们这也不行那也不行罢,中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地到达自己的目的。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第6页)


译文:Let the domestic and foreign reactionaries trembel before us!Let them say we are no good at this and no good at that.By our own indomitable effort we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.


说明:此句分译为三句。第一句用了惊吧句,目的是为了加强语气。这是为了强调而断句的例子。


2、总分复句


先总后分:前一部分是概括性的话,后一部分是详细说明。


先分后总:


原文:灾难深重的中华民族,一百年来,其优秀人物奋斗牺牲,前赴后继,摸索救国救民的真理,是可歌可泣的。


译文:For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.


3、述评句


先叙述后评论,或下结论。这种句子较长,可以把后边的评论或结论分译出来。


4、“即”字句


原文:请就你们现正召开的各省负责同志会议中征询关于对待富农策略问题的意见电告我们,即是说在今冬开始的南方几省及西北某些地区的土地改革运动中,不但不动资本主义富农,而且不动半封建富农,待到几年之后再去解决半封建富农问题。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第13页)


译文:At your current meeting of leading provincial comrades please gather opinions on the tactics for dealing with the rich peasants and telegraph these opinions to us. The tactics in question are to leave untouched not only the capitalist rich peasants but also the semi-feudal ones in the agrarian reform scheduled for this winter in southern provinces and some regions in the Northwest and to defer the solution of the problem of the semi-feudal rich peasants for several years.


说明:按中文自然段落,英译文从“即”字起拆为两句,第二句开始把“策略”重复一下,和前句挂上。不拆句,英文就是把“意见电告我们”放在句末,中间“肚子”太长,句子臃肿,影响读者清晰地理解原意。


总之,翻译长句时,要注意句子各部分之间的逻辑关系,很好安排句子结构。为了帮助读者更好地理解,在符合中文句子原意的前提下,译文可以适当断句,但断句不能随随便便,要考虑到前后联系和整句的思想内容。


5、短句分译


有些中文句子不太长,但其结构松散,在一个句子里实际上不止包含一个意思,而是包含两个或两个以上的意思,或在说话语气上转折,或前一部分概括,后一部分详细说明,或前一部分详细介绍,后一部分是评论或结论,或前一部分介绍一方面,后一部分介绍另一方面的情况。如果这样的句子直译成一个英语句子,就显得句子不明确。因此,最好还是分成两句或几句来译。如:


原文:许多人说他是笨蛋,但果真如此吗?


译文:Many people say he is an ass. But is that so?


原文:但是他不同,他是一个书呆子。


译文:But he is different. He is a bookworm instead.


原文:人类没有食物就不能生存,因此需要有农民。


译文:Human beings cannot live without food. Hence they need peasants.


(摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义)

Wednesday Mar 21, 2007

汉语扩展句子的方法

一、汉语左展句英译法


       刘宓庆先生说汉语句子是句首开放,举例是:


              坐,请坐,请上坐。


             茶,上茶,上好茶。


       他说的是,由“坐”变成了“请坐”,又变成了“请上座”等等,可以在句前加东西,称为句首开放。这确是汉语中的一种扩展句子的方式。我们现在说是的,汉语里有这种连续出现的一句式,有的两句,有的三句。对这种句式的英译法值得研究。


(1)译为同位语


     原文:黄的,那是土,未开垦的处女土,几十万年前由伟大的自然力所堆积成的黄土高原的外壳。


    译文:Yellow is th soil—the uncultivated virgin soil. It is the outer covering of the loess plateau accumulated by Mother Nature several hundred thousand years ago.


    原文:“闭上眼睛捉麻雀”,“瞎子摸鱼”,粗枝大叶,夸夸其谈,满足于一知半解,这种极坏的作风,这种完全违反马克思列宁主义基本精神的作风,还在我党许多同志中继续存在着。(毛泽东,《改造我们的学习》)


    译文:To behave like" a blindfolded man catching sparrows", or "a blind man groping for fish", to be crude and careless, to indulge in verbiage, to rest content with a smattering of knowledge—such is the extremely bad style of work that still exists among many comrades in our Party, a style utterly opposed to the fundamental spirits of Marxism-Leninism.(Mao Zedong,"Reform Our Study")


    原文:这就是我们的国际主义,这就是我们用以反对狭隘民族主义和狭隘爱国主义的国际主义。(毛泽东,《纪念白求恩》)


   译文:This is our internationalism, the internationalism with which we oppose both narow nationalism and narrow patriotism.


    分析:第一音句是话题和说明,第二音名是第一音句的扩展。


    原文:这对于一班见异思迁的人,对于一班鄙薄技术工作以为不足道,以为无出路的人,也是一个极好的教训。(毛泽东,《纪念白求恩》)


    译文:His example is an excellent lesson for those people who wish to change their work the moment they see something different and for those who despise technical work as of no consequence or as promising no future.


(2)译为两句


    原文:那就是白杨树,西北极普遍的一种树,然而实在不是平凡的一种树!


    译文:There are white poplars. Though very common in Northwest China, they are no ordinary trees!


    原文:这种人其实不是共产党员,至少不能算一个纯粹的共产党员。(毛泽东,《纪念白求恩》)


译文:In truth such people are not Communists ,or at least cannot be counted as devoted Communists.


分析:第一音句含有话题说明,第二音句与第一音句中的说明并列。


 二、汉语连锁说明句英译法


    汉语连锁句是话题—说明结构的一种形式,如“东方红,太阳升,中国出了个毛泽东。”“太阳升”是对“东方红”的说明,“中国出了个毛泽东”又是对“东方红,太阳升”的说明。这种句式称为连锁说明。


   (1) 可按原文顺序英译:“东方红,太阳升,中国出了个毛泽东。”可以英译为"The east is red. The sun rises. China produces Mao Zedong"这种译文未表达原文所隐含的因果关系。若解释清楚:The east is red, for the sun rises. That is ,China produces Mao Zedong.


    连锁说明句多是动词句,叙述一连串的动作,英译时可按原文顺序译。


    原文:草扎的刷子装上一个长把,在石灰桶里蘸一蘸,开始他的粉刷。


    英译:He tied a long bar to a straw brush and dipped the brush in the lime white. Then he started to whitewash the frescoes.


分析:补上主语,中文三个动作一口气一来,英语也可以一口气下来,即并列用了三个动词。


    (2)分出主次


    连锁句译成英语更多的是要找出一个主要的,其他为次要的从句或不定式、分词等表示。


    原文:听说你明天开张,也许用得着,特意给你送来了。


    原译:I hear that you're opening tomorrow.You many have some use for these things, so i took them along.


    改译:...thought these might come in handy. so I brought them along.


    分析:分译。


三、汉语三个动作的英译法


    (1)译为并列句


    英语一句话一个动作即三个动词并列,按动作的先后排列。与汉语叙述句同。常用句型:X happens, and Y happens, and then Z happens.这时可按原谅顺序互译。


     原文:在利夫顿警察局考利下电话,走出办公室,把警察叫到了一起。


    译文:At Lifton police-station Cowley put down the telephone, went out of his office, and called the policeman together.


    原文:At home, away from prying eyes, she held it in the light, turned it round and round and scanned the painting from all angles. At night she moved out of bed, lighted a lamp and scanned it again in silence.(English Through Reading, p.63)


    译文:到了家里,避开了那些爱管闲事的人,她在灯光下拿着那只水罐转过来转过去,从各个角度仔细地看水罐上的画。到夜里,她又从床上爬起来,点上灯,再次默默地看水罐上的画。


    (2)译为复合句


    英语一句话表示几个连续动作用复合句较多,常用句型是:When X happens , Y happens, thus/so/there by Z happens.如:


    原文:当活塞迅速往上拉时,活塞下面的空气上升,这样就使压力下降。


    译文:When the piston is drawn sharply upwards, the air below the piston rises, thus causing the pressure to fall.


    原文:多数情况下,这几部分是按自然顺序排列的,有时,也可以颠倒过来,先讲故事的结尾,然后再讲开头和中间。


    译文:Most often these parts are arranged in their nature order. On occasion they may be inverted, so that the story opens with the end and then turns back to the beginning and middle.


    (3)译为简单句


     英语表示几个连续动作可以不用动词而用副词或介词,如:


    The man walked slowly down stairs and out into the garden.第一个状语是slowly down stairs, 第二个状语是out,第三个状语是into the garden.


    They run down the ramp toward the $2 grandstand entrances, then on to daily-double windows five minutes away from closing.第一个状语是down the ramp, 第二个状语是towards the $ 2 grand-stand entrances.第三个状语是on to daily-double windows five minutes away from closing.


因此,汉语三个动作的英译法,可以根据上下文直译为三个英语并列句,也可以译为主从复合句,或用副词、介词短语表示。


    原文:新税制发展下去,势必离开马克思列宁主义,离开党在过渡时期的总路线,向资本主义发展。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第90页)


    译文:That system, if allowed to develop, would hav led inevitable to capitalism, in contravention of Marxism-Leninism and the Party's general line for transition period.


    说明:三个动词(离开……离开……向……发展)不应处理为并列关系,因为新税制已经离开马列主义总路线,不用再“发展下去”才算“离开”,所以把两个“离开”放在从属地位是对的。 


    原文:I opened the letter eagerly, which read...


    修改:I opened the letter eagerly and read...


    说明:原句无语法错误,却不甚合英语的表达习惯。英语讲究parallel structure,一个主语可连用数个动词谓语,这样语势连贯流畅,如修改句。另外,这里的parallel structure的句子主语管了两个动词,它们的形式应一致。


(摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义)

Tuesday Mar 20, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——国际关系

all countries, big or small, should be equal. 国家不分大小,应该一律平等.


an established principle of international law 国际法准则


apartheid, racial segregation 种族隔离


arms dealer, merchant of death 军火商


asylum 庇护,避难


bilateral and multilateral economic cooperation 双边和多边经济合作


bilateral trade 双边贸易


breadth of territorial sea 领海宽度


boundary negotiation边界谈判


country of one’s residence 侨居国


complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons 全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器


colonialism and neo-colonialism 新老殖民主义


consultations 磋商


dependency附庸国


developing countries发展中国家


develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability 发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系


develop the national economy 发展民族经济


disputed areas 有争议的地区


dual nationality 双重国籍


ecocide生态灭绝


establish normal state relations 建立正常的国家关系


exchange needed goods 互通有无


exclusive economic zone 专属经济区


extradition 引渡


fishery resources 渔业资源


friendly exchanges 友好往来


frontier region, border region 边界地区


fundamental rights 基本权利


generally-accepted principles of international relations 公认的国际关系原则


genocide种族灭绝


imperialism帝国主义


inalienability of territory 领土的不可割让性


in consideration of the actual conditions 照顾现实情况


international situation 国际形势


international waters 国际水域


joint action 共同行动


limits of territorial sea 领海范围


maintain neutrality保持中立


make up for each other’s deficiencies取长补短


maritime resources 海洋资源


merger of states 国家合并


mutual understanding and mutual accommodation 互谅互让


national boundary国界


Near East近东


negotiate through diplomatic channels 通过外交途径进行谈判


neutral state, neutral country  中立国


neutralized state 永久中立国


never to attach any conditions不附带任何条件


non-aligned countries不结盟国家


normalization of relations 关系正常化


outer space 外层空间


patrimonial sea承袭海


peddle munitions 贩卖军火


people-to-people contacts and exchanges人民之间的联系和交流


plebiscite公民投票


political fugitive政治逃犯


political offender政治犯


protectorate(被)保护国


reduction or cancellation of debts 减轻债务负担


refugee camp 难展营


right of residence 居留权


rudimentary code of international relations 国际关系中最起码的准则


sacred and inviolable 神圣不可侵犯


safeguard national sovereignty and national resources 保卫国家主权和民族资源


safeguard world peace维护世界和平


seek a fair and reasonable solution 求得公平合理的解决


sole legal government 惟一合法政府


solve disputes by peaceful means 用和平手段解决争端


sovereign state主权国家


status quo of the boundary边界现状


suzerain state, metropolitan state 宗主国


suzerainty 宗主权


take concerted steps 采取协调行


territorial air 领空


territorial contiguity 领空毗连


territorial sea领海


territorial waters 领水


territorial jurisdiction 领土管辖权


territorial integrity 领土完整


the third world第三世界


trusteeship 托管制度


200-nautical mile maritime rights 二百海里海洋权


undertake obligations in respect of the nuclear-free zone对无核区承担义务


Zionism犹太复国主义


 

Monday Mar 19, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——航天航空

aeronautics航空学,航空技


access flap 接口盖


aircraft 飞机,航空器


artificial satellite 人造卫星


ascent stage 上升段


asteroid 小行星,海星


astronaut 航天员


astronomer 天文学家


aviation 航空学,航空工业


celestial 天的,天体的


command module 指令舱


cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射


cosmic rays 宇宙射线


cosmology 宇宙学


descent stage 下降段


directional antenna 定向天线


emergency oxygen apparatus 应急供氧装置


hatch 舱口


inter-planetary communication 星际交通


landing craft 登陆舱


landing pad 着陆架


launch a satellite 发射卫星


launch pad 发射台


life support system 生命维持系统


lunar module 登月舱


multistage rocket 多级火箭


orbit 轨道


service module 服务舱


solar radiation 太阳辐射


solid-propellant rocket 固体推进剂火箭


spacecraft 航天器


space exploration 外层空间探索


spaceman 宇航员,航天员


space shuttle 航天飞机


space suit 航天服


splash down 溅落

Friday Mar 16, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——农业类

agricultural commodities market 农业市场


agricultural products, farm products 农产品


agronomist 农学家


animal husbandry, animal breeding 畜牧业


arable land, tilled land 耕地


cattle farm 奶牛场


collective farm 集体农场


cooperative farm 合作农场


dairy farming 乳品业,乳牛业


dairy industry 乳品加工业


dairy produce, dairy products 乳制品


dry soil 旱田


farm hand 农场短工


farm laborers 农场工人


fertile soil 沃土,肥沃的土壤


fruit grower 果农


fruit growing 果树载培


foodstuffs 食品


irrigable land 水浇地


land reform, agrarian reform 土地改革


lean soil, poor soil 贫瘠土壤


livestock 牲畜


market gardening 商品蔬菜种植业


mechanization of farming 农业机械化


mechanized farming机械化耕作


prairie 大草原


pasture land 牧场


rural population 农村人口


rural exodus农村迁徙


wasteland, barren land 荒地

Thursday Mar 15, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——经贸类

根据有关资料收集的关于经贸类的词汇,希望对大家有帮助,共同进步。

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Friday Mar 09, 2007

learn to live

刚才在博客里看到了STM关于学习的一篇文章,可以说是心得吧,有些感触。


我想大部分人都比较认同进入高等学府深造,而不愿自已去摸索着经历。话是这么说,可并不是每个人都会有机会进入高等学府深造,既然这样,也就不如退一步想了。生活最积极的方式就是耐心做好每一件要做的事。一段时间以后,您就会发现进步很多。我有一个朋友,他原来是学土地管理的,现在工作从事计算机络网络方面,一开始的时假不知道如何开机,不知道如何打印,可现在他却是计算机高手,没有其它原因,就是每天坚持学习,积少成多,举一反三的结果。