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Monday Mar 26, 2007
汉语意合与英语形合
英语句子结构特点：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法。这是说英语是形合(hypotaxis)的语言，结构严谨。汉语句子结构特点：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界。这是说汉语是意合(parataxis)的语言，结构松散，形散而神聚，用词简洁。因此，英译汉的技巧是：形合变意合，显性变隐性，去掉关联词语。汉译英的技巧是：意合变形合，隐性变显性，增加关联词语。 原文：我们还在一切老解放区大大地推广了农业生产互助的组织，并且着手组织半社会主义的农业生产合作社，取得了一些经验。（《毛泽东选集》第5卷第184页） 译文：...we greatly extended the organization of agricultural producers' mutaul-aid teams in all the old liberated areas, where we also began to form semi-socialist agricultural producer's co-operatives and gained some experience. 说明：“取得了一些经验”指什么经验？是指互助组，还是指合作社，还是两者都在内？从上下文看，讲的是合作社。英译文用where与前半隔开，意思更为清楚。 （3）从逻辑关系理解 原文：人们对事物的运动观察得不合实际状况，时间还没有到，他过头了。就叫“左”倾，不及，就叫右倾。（《毛泽东选集》第5卷第214页） 译文：If the observation you make of the movement of things does not agree with reality, it is a "Left" deviation if your judgment is premature, and it is a Ringht deviation if your judgment lags behind. 说明：这句是总说与分说的关系，对运动观察不合实际善是总过，“过头”与“不及”是分说，或者一因二果，都是观察不符合客观实际的结果。 （4）从意义理解 原文：它将联合一切爱好和平自由的国家、民族和人民、首先是联合苏联和各新民主国家，以为自己的盟友。（《毛泽东选集》第5卷第9页） 译文：It will unite and ally itself with all peace-loving and freedom-loving countries, nations and peoples, and first of all with the Soviet Union and the New Democracies... 说明：中文“盟友”是指全体，还是限于苏联和各新民主国家和人民？不论从意义或从中文句子结构看，盟友都应包括全体在内。
（1）汉语叙事句一边串的短句，要用连词连起来。 原文：在一千三百年前，已经发明了刻版印刷。在八百年前又发明了活字印刷。 译文：Block-printing was invented 1,300 years ago, and movable type 800 years age. 说明：二句合为一句。 （2）使用分词 原文：三个人缓步而行。他们都在四五十风的样子，每个人摇着一把白纸扇。 译文1：There came three men. They advanced slowly. All of them were forty to fifty years old and each of them carried a white paper fan with them. 译文2：Fanning themselves with white paper fans, three men advanced slowly, all some forty to fifty years old. 说明：译文2译为1句，主从关系一目了然。 （3）使用名词短语作主语 汉语含时间、条件、原因状语的句子常可译为主语，用名词、动作名词、动名词等表示。 原文：再坐一小时的车，就可以到那个村了。 译文：Another hour's ride will bring us to the village. 原文：听了这消息，我就放心了。 译文：The news assured me. 原文：有了现代化的飞机，世界似乎小多了。 译文：Fast weather prevented us from going. 原文：天气太坏，我们无法动身。 译文：Bad weather prevented us from going. 原文：你好好比较一下，就可以发现他们的不同。 译文：Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. （4）使用定语 原文：马圈里，拴着三匹马，正在嚼草料。牲口都是养得肥肥壮壮的。（周立波《暴风骤雨》） 译文：In the stable three strong and fat horses were eating mash. 说明：汉语后一句修饰前一句中某个成分，译为英语后可把句变为定语。 （5）使用标点 原文：他们在社会上不要中间势力，在党内不允许人家改正错误，不准革命。 译文：In society the dogmatists rejected the middle forces and inside the Party they did not allow people to correct their mistakes; they barred both from the revolution. 说明：如照中文顺序译下来，“不准革命”很可能理解为指党内，但这里应该包括党内外，将第二个逗号改为分号，第三句把前两句都包括了。 原文：It is true that some ads are quite harmful and misleading. The only thing concerned is money. 修改：It is true that some ads are harmful and misleading; the only important thing is money. 说明：原文中的两句可用分号加以合并，应当避免过多简单句的排列。 原文：First, as our society advances, our demands have become more and more diversified. But our leisure time is becoming more and more limited. 修改：The first reason is that, as our society advances, our demands have become more and more diversified, but our leisure time is becoming more and more limited. 说明：为了使行文转折自然可考虑改为：The first reason is that...；此外，原文中的两句可合为一句，表达将更清晰精炼：“...our demands have become more and more diversified, but our leisure time is becoming....”。 （6）句子改为副词性短语 原文：What's more, nobody can serve you at the moment. 修改：Any way, nobody can serve you at the moment. 说明：What's more不用于口语，只用于正式的书面语体或学术会议报告。 原文：One day, it was our birthday.... 修改：One day, on our birthday... 原文：It was October 1, I traveled with my classmates. 修改：On October first, I traveled with my classmates.或....I took a trip with my classmates. (摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义) xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事 | 发布时间: 02:36PM Mar 26, 2007 | 评论[141] |