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Monday Apr 30, 2007

汉英文体之句子结构

正式英语与非正式英语用的句子结构不同,表现在如下几个方面:口语用小短句、并列句、主从句,书面语用长句、复杂的主从句分词结构,等等。
一、口语并列句,书面语复合句
He didn't tell me, but I knew it,thought.口语,并列句。
Although he did not tell me, I knew where he had been.中性。
He scratched his head and confessed himself puzzled.口语。
Scratching his head, he confessed himself puzzled. 书面,分词结构。
The clerk was upset by the manager, and decided to leave the job.口语。
The clerk, upset by the manager, decided to leave the job.书面,分词结构。

二、口语从句,书面语分词结构
If weather permits, we shall go out for a walk.(infml)
Weather permitting, we shall go out for a walk.(fml分词结构)
Since her husband was away, she had to do the work.(infml)
Her husband being away, she had to do the work.(fml分词结构)
As he had worked among peasants for over ten years, he knew them very well.(infml)
Having worked among peasants for over ten years, he knew them very well.(fml分词结构)
When they returned to their camp, they felt hungry and exhausted.中性。
The mountaineers returned to their camp, hungry and exhausted.书面。
Though he was young, he was not unequal to the task.中性。
Young as he was, he was not unequal to the task.书面,倒装。

三、口语短语,书面语完整句
原文:How to make her happy again?
修改:How could I make her happy again?
说明:How to...带有较重的口语色彩。
原文:2000 is the year of dragon, but what a pity is that the world hasn't given the first lottery ticket of the new century—the world hosting power of the Olympic Games to "the offsprings of the dragon".
修改:The year2000 is the year of dragon, but it is a pity that the world has not given the first lottery ticket of the new century hosting the Olympic Games, to "the offspring of the dragon".
说明:此句有六点修改:(1)句子不以阿拉伯数字开头;(2)“What a pity”用于口语,“...it is a pity that ”用于书面;(3)正式文体不用缩写词;(4)用逗号点开:“...century, hosting the Olympic Games, to...”;(5)"offspring"为不可数名词。
原文:But I'd like to be a teacher anyway.Why?
修改:But I'd like to be a teacher anyway, for several reasons.
说明:(1)“Why”是口语,只用于非正式语体;(2)这里最好改用“for several reasons”,这是“承上启下”之“韧带”,实不可少。
原文:Please believe us, during the course of making wonders in China...
修改:It must be made clear that during the course of making wonders in China...
说明:有人称句子为口语,it句型为书面语。

四、不用介词结尾
原文:...he had been long seeking a justifiable reason to date her, whom he was deep in love with.
修改:...he had been long seeking a justifiable reason to date her, with whom he was deep in love.
说明:最好不用介词结束句子。

五、强调句型
误:...but she did teach all the people around her a very good lesson.
正:...but, at that time, she nonetheless taught all the people around her a very good lesson.
说明:did teach 这种加强语气的手段一般用于口语,不用于书面语。

(摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义)

Friday Apr 27, 2007

英汉辞格比较

 一、英汉相似的辞格
1.拟人法
英汉语虽然都有拟人化personification,但是习惯不一样,各自拟人的东西不一样。所以,英译汉时需要变驼,否则不通顺。汉译英时也得变通,否则也令人费解。例如帝国主义、社会帝国主义,中文里可以说帝国主义干这样的坏事,但是在英文里用帝国主义作主语就比较勉强,要用帝国主义者才符合习惯用法。换句话说,中文里的抽象名词可以当作人那样,做这做那,英文就比较困难。
原文:宗教不得干预政治。
误:Religion must not interferewith politics.
正:It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.

原文:不要上帝国主义的当(《毛泽东选集》 第5卷第68页)
译文:...so that we will not be taken in by the imperialists...

原文:他们思想解放,天不怕地不怕,没有什么脚镣手铐的束缚,规划搞得很生动。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第203页)
译文:The minds of the comrades there are emancipated, they defy heaven and earth and are not fettered by shackles and manacles, and their plans are dynamic.

说明:这里英文中加they,作为“天不怕地不怕”的主语,完全合乎中文意思。但是如果不加they,或者把defy改成defying,或者译成fearing neither heaven nor earth,那么主语就变成minds,英文就通不过了。

2.夸张
修辞手段同词汇与句子结构不能截然分开。成语和形象比喻都是修辞手段。夸张(the exaggeration or hyperbole)也是通过词汇和句子结构来表现的。例如:
原文:The woman shed a flood of tears.
译文:那女人泪流满面。
原文:I will follow you to the end of the world.
译文:你走到哪儿,我跟到哪儿。

3.明喻
明喻又叫直喻(the simile),汉语有“像,如”等,英语都有as,like等标志词,在汉英互译中有的可以直译,有的需要根据上下文加以变通。
英语:as brave as a lion
汉语:像狮子一样勇猛
英语:as timid as a rabbit
汉语:胆小如鼠
英语:Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.
汉语:童年就像梦一样一闪而过。

4.隐喻
陷喻又叫暗喻(the metahor),其汉英互译法与明喻一样。
原文:He has a heart of stone.
译文:他的心像石头一样硬。
原文:My brother studies hard.He is the head of his class.
译文:我弟弟学习很用功,他在班上是头一号。
原文:the fruit of his efforts
译文:他辛勤劳动的成果
原文:He lives in that match-box of a house.
译文:他住的房子火柴盒那么点大。

5.借喻
英语的the metonymy and the synecdoche都相当于汉语里的借喻。
原文:The pen is mightier than the sword.
译文:笔杆子比刀枪厉害。
原文:Idon't ride a wheel, but i am a good oar.
译文:我不会开车,我会开船。
原文:The world watches, the world listens.
译文:全世界(的人)都看着,全世界(的人)都听着。

6.反语(the irony)
原文:Everybody says it, and what everybody says.must be true.
译文:大家都这样说,大家都说的肯定是真的。(实际上不是真的。)
原文:I fear I wrong the honourable man whose daggers have stabbed Caesar.
译文:我担心我冤枉了好人,说他们刺杀了凯撒。(实际不冤枉,那些人也不是君子。)

另外还有:antonomisia借代,paronomasia双关,euphemism委婉,contrast对照,catchword repetition联珠,rhetoric question设问,paradox反论。

二、英语常用汉语罕用的辞格
如:oxymoron矛盾修饰,zeugma轭式搭配,alliteration头韵法。

1.She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.门和心在汉语各不相关,但在英语却可串在一起。全句的意思是她为这个无家可归的孩子引为知已,热情接待,无话不谈。如直译“她为这个无家可归的孩子可开了门和心”就连原文的意思也表达不出来,更谈不到修辞效果了。借助排比法:“她为这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门,也打开了自己的心扉。”
He caught a cold and a bus.直译是“他得了感冒并赶上了汽车。”感冒和汽车互不相涉,但在英语却可以串起来,是幽默地描写他弱不禁风,费劲赶上了公共汽车,结果得了一场病。似可用拈连法译为“他赶上了公共汽车,也赶上了一声感冒。”感冒本来不是“赶上”,但由于有了上文“赶上公共汽车”,所以也就可以拈过来,体现出原文的诙谐笔调。
Weeping eyes and hearts直译“流泪的眼和心”就索然寡味,似可译为“一双又流泪的眼一颗颗哭泣的心”。
狄更斯在A Tale of Two Cities中写道:“...When I and my sorrows are dust”,这句话曾有人译为“当我和我的忧愁都化为烟尘的时候”,意思差不多,却缺乏原文的修辞色彩,忧愁化为烟尘也显得十分牵强。这里试用排比译为:“等到我的尸骨公为灰烬,我的悲哀也随风散去时,……”
这种格式在汉语也有。如“人究志不穷”“身残志不残”。志本来不会穷,也不能残,用在这里,紧接上文,就显得十分自然,意味深长。

2.矛盾修辞法
cruel kindness不宜译为“残忍的仁慈”可译为害人不浅的仁慈。
painful pleasure不宜译为“痛苦的喜悦”,可译为“悲喜交集”。
laborious idleness不能译为“辛苦的闲散”,可译为“令人腻烦的闲散”。

3.头韵法
He described the claim in alliterative fashion as a composite of fantasy, fallacy and fiction.曾有人译为“他用押头韵的方式把这种要求描绘成虚幻、虚妄、虚构的混合物。”译得很好,可惜不能作为普遍仿效的例子。因为英语头韵千变万化,很难碰到这样的汉语搭配。
He is all fire and fight.可用对偶手法译为“他怒气冲冲,来势汹汹”。

摘自《汉译英基础教程》 马秉义

Thursday Apr 19, 2007

汉语修辞英译法(2)

 三、重复
1、英语用代词(见汉语修辞英译法(1)
2、英语用倒装
汉语的重复也可以用英语的倒装表示。
原文:但我们缺乏物质基础这一点一时还不能变化,社会势力方面他们强于我们这一点一时也不会变化,因而达赖集团不愿意全部实行协定这一点一时也不会变化。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第63页)
译文:Nevertheless, since neither our lack of a material base nor their advantage over us in social influence will change for the time being, neither will the unwillingness of the Dalai clique to carry out the Agreement fully.
说明:这句译文比较简洁,三个“一时不会变化”只出现一次,前面两个用neither...nor 处理,最后一个用inversion处理,比用and the unwillingness of the Dalai clipue to carry out Agreement fully will not change for the time being either要简练得多。

原文:张三有政治纲领,李四也有政治纲领。
译文:Zhang San had his own political programme and so did LI Si.

原文:各人心中有数,李四的心中也是有数的。
译文:Everybody knows which kind he comes under and so does Li Si.

3、英语用省略
1)英语省前不首后,在“定名+定名”,省前边不名词
原文:the line between East and West Germany
说明:前边East后省略了Germany.
原文:A Dane and a Dutch person meeting in Rome will almost automatically find themselves speaking to each other in English.
说明:此句A Dane 后省略了person.

原文:When people want to talk or write about all these new things,...
说明:talk后省了about.

原文:Surely, in this respect, British and American English have not diverged very much, have they?
说明:British后省略了English.

2)英语省后不省前,在“冠词+冠词”中,省后边的冠词
原文:Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed into heat.
说明:solid 前省去冠词a.

原文:After the usual dawn trip outside, we could see on the wall the faded pictures of a man and woman and their children, dressed in Western clothes, and out in the big open front room,...
 说明:woman前省略了a.

3)用复数名词
汉语:第四部分,第11段到第14段
英语:Part 4, paragraphs 11 through 14

汉语:在第一课和第二课里
英语:in Lessons One and Two

4)上下文
原文:那时,全国大片地方还没有实行土地改革,农民还没有完全到我们这边来。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第198页)
译文:The agrarian reform had not yet been carried out in vast areas of the country, nor had peasants come over entirely to our side.
说明:“那时”因上下文清楚,不必译出。时间状语或地点状语,中文里有,如果意思清楚,英文里不一定译出。如“世界上”、“国内”有时就可以省略。
原文:总而言之,条件成熟了的就可以办,条件不成熟的不要办……(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第212页)
译文:In short, such co-operatives can be set up where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise...
说明:译文要比and should not be set up where they are not 简洁多了。

4、英语译出重复
1)为了清楚
当然,不是所有重复都要避免。有时句子太长,内容复杂,或者句子虽然不长,但内容重要,应力求清晰,如用代词可能引起混淆,或者虽然读者不致误解,但不及重复更为清楚,就不必害怕重复。
原文:中央要发展工业,地方也要发展工业。就是中央直属的工业,也还是要靠地方协助。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第275页)
译文:The central authorities want to develop industry, and so do the local authorities. Even industries directly under the central authorities need assistance from the local authorities.(E.P.292)
说明:这里第二句的译文重复“中央”、“地方”,没有用the former, the latter来代替。这是毛泽东主席关于调动中央和地方两个积极性的原则和政策的论述,应力求清晰,便于外国读者掌握,不要害怕重复。
2)为了强调
如果中文里的重复 是为了强调,那就更不能不能代词来代替了。
原文:没有一事实上的原则,没有一定的章程,没有一定的方向,……(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第303页)
译文:They have no definite principles, no definite rules of conduct and no definite orientation...
说明:这里强调机会主义的没有原则、没有章程、没有方向,三个“一定的”不能省略。
3)英语不需要的强调
有时,汉语的强调性英语不需要。比如,现在常用的“不切实际的幻想”,可以解释成:为了强调幻想的不切实际,当然不是说幻想可能分成两类,一类不切实际,一类切合实际。这种解释行不行,还可以讨论。不管怎样,英语如译为unrealistic illusion很难通过。因此,英语中,如中文强调意思有了,就不必每个形容词都要译出来。
原文:……又处在人民革命的伟大历史时期(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第26页)
译文:...what is more, it finds itself in a hisoric period of people's revolution.
说明:historic已经有great的含义,“伟大”不一定要译出。有的场合,也可以处理为great and historic significance.
原文:广大人民群众是懂得的。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第368页)
译文:All this is well understood by the masses.
说明:过去曾译为:the broad masses of the people,似可不必,也经不起重复。
原文:……把错误思想彻底肃清(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第497页)
译文:...rid him of his wrong ideas.
说明:考虑rid...of 已经很强,thoroughly的含义已在其中,副词可删。
(摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义)



Tuesday Apr 17, 2007

汉语修辞英译法(1)

 汉语修辞要点是什么?特别是不同于英语的修辞要点是什么?我们认为汉语对偶句(antithesis)是汉语修辞的特色,由此派生的别一个汉语修辞特点是造句短小。这两个特点中国学生已铭记于心,其存在极大地影响了中国学生的英语学习。
一、散句与偶句
1、结构作用
汉语的语言组织有散句和偶句之别,散句由于各句的结构不同,能将新的信息不断输出,把人不断引向新的信息点,表现出“流利”的特点。而偶句,两两相对,回环往复,却有立定回嚼之感,所以它有凝重之妙。把偶句夹在散句之中,在急速流转之时突然来个回环立定,对于信息的传递有着一种“强化” 的效果。
2、文化根源
童山东所著《修辞学的理论与方法》中认为汉语对偶句是汉族人思维的镜像。对偶体现了中国人整体性思维、直觉顿悟思维、注重对立面的特征,不管是写景、叙事和述理都要用它。如:
写景:落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色。(《滕王阁序》)
叙事:今天下三分,益州疲弊,此存亡危急之秋也。(《出师表》)
述理:满招损,谦受益。(《沿书》)
童氏认为对偶可显示整体气氛,去掉其中一句或合并一句,整体气氛受到损害。他说,对偶句常常是上句为喻为兴,下句为理为所言之事,两两相糅,其义便达;或者全为喻寄,两句相因,其义自现。他认为这为直觉体悟提供了条件。
二、正反句
对偶句在现代汉语里用得少了,但是对偶句的影响还在,还很大,还是文章好坏的标准。现代散文里用并列句很多,它就是对偶句的变体,这种变体之一就是正反论证句。如:
①认字如认人。②认人不是单凭第三者介绍一下他姓甚名谁就可以了事,也不是一次盯着看他几眼,把他面貌勉强记住,就可以了事;必须在不同的场合多碰他几次,多观察他对不同情境的反应,才能把他认清楚,他才能变成我们的熟人。(朱光潜《学外语要防暗病》,《怎样学英语》)
句②是典型的汉语正反论说方式,即用两个或多个并列句,先从正面说再从反面说,或者先从反面说再从正面说,正反说的都是一个意思。这里是前两句从反面说,后一句从正面说。句子比较长,但结构很清楚。
Learning a new word is like getting to know a person. We cannot get to know a person through teh introduction of his name by others (that is the notes of new words by the teacher), nor through glancing at his appearance, which leaves us nothing impressed. We get to know a person through meeting him many times at different occasions, watching his reactions on various matters closely, and then we can get an impression and come to be familiar with him.
中国学生写出的英语句子,因为受汉语表达方式影响,按汉语字对字,短语对短语,从句对从句,汉语表达的语序没有变,思维方式没变。所以,这种英语句子具有汉语句法的特点,即散句特点,按英语语法来说就是短句多,简单句多,并列句多。相比这下,英美人与的英语句子特点是:复合句多并列句少,复杂句多简单句少,复合句简单句交叉使用。

三、重复
1、英语用代词
英汉 语在内容表达上都有需要重复的地方,两种语言重复的方法不一样。英语一般使用代词、同义词等,汉语一般重复该词。
1)another
原文:一个地方有一个地方的全局,一个国家有一个国家的全局,一个地球有一个地球的全局。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第297页)
译文:A locality has its own over-all interests, a nation has another and the earth yet another.
2)the same
原文:他摇摇头,我也摇摇头。
译文:He shook his head and I did the same.
说明:英语第一句是shook his head,第二句不说i shook my head.而用代词the same,但汉语第二句必须重复,不能用代词。
3)it/them
原文:--“Hm,”said Mark,"And so you want to buy my invention."
--"Buy it?" said G.H.Bondy hesitatingly. "I really don't know... I haven't even given it a thought..."
译文:--“嗯,”马克说,“那么你要买我的发明了。”
--“买你的发明?”邦迪吞吞吐吐地说:“不知道,……我还没有考虑这个问题。”
说明:第一个代词指invention,第二个it指buy it这件事。
4)and vice versa
此短语常译为“反之亦然”,“反过来也是这样”,其它汉语习惯上是再重说一遍反过来的事。看例句:
原文:Mechanical energy can be changed into conductor of heat, and vice versa.
译文:机械能可以变为电能,电能也可以变为机械能。
原文:A poor heat insulator is a good conductor of heat, and vece versa.
译文:隔热差的物体导热好,隔热好的物体导热差。
5)the case
原文:现在它在世界上的许多地方还在继续受打击,还被认为是毒草。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第389页)
译文:This is still the case in many parts of the world.
说明:本句可译为:It is still being attacked and is still regarded as a poisonous weed in many parts of the world.但是,中文前一句已有,本句不必重复了。


Monday Apr 16, 2007

从汉语看英语修辞(3)

三、多样性


1、词汇


英语用词讲究同义变换,如:


A definition is the effort to distinguish an entity from all other things for the purpose of being able to recogize it or in some way to understand it. To define "apple", for instance, is to find some means of isolating "apple" from all other things, especially from those things that superficially resemble it, like qiunces or pomegranates.


第一句中的entity 与things 显然是同义词,前边用entity,后边用things,以避免重复。第二句中的isolating显然与第一句中的to distinguish是同义词。


We know that 320,000 members of the urban plebs received gifts of money from Auguests in 5 B.C.  and that about 200,000 were on the dole three years later.(《高级英语散文教程》,第89页)


句中received gifts of money与were on the dole同义。


汉译英中的用词也得讲究变换,如:


原文:为完成党在新世纪新阶段的这个奋斗目标,发展要有新思路,改革要有新突破,开放要有新局面,各项工作要有新举措。


译文:In order to attain the Party's objectives for the new stage in the new century, it is imperative to come up with new ideas for development, make new breakthroughs in reform, break new ground in opening up and take new moves in all fields of endeavor.


说明:四个“要有”在译文中应有变化。come up with new ideas是非常符合英语习惯用法的。


2、句式


句式要有变化,如果只使用一种句式,文章显得单调乏味。句式变化就是同一意思用不同的句式表示。如果要表示物体的度、量、衡、性质等,英语有很多方法。最常见的三种是:The well is 45 meters deep. The well has a depth of 45 meters. The depth of the well is 45 meters.第一种常用于口语,第二种为普通语体,第三种常用于科技语体。


英语句子结构有三种:松句loose sentence,紧句/掉尾句periodic sentence,平衡句balanced sentence.


松句又称弛缓句,把主要思想放在句子的开头,可以在中间一、两处停下来,仍不失为语法上的完整句子。如:We came to our journey's end at last, with no small difficulty, after much fatigue, through deep roads and bad weather.松句多用于口语,多是并列句。


紧句是根据制造悬念的原则,主要意思迟迟不说出来,中间不停,直到句尾,语法结构才算完整,意思才算明白。上面那个句子改动一下就可以变成紧句:At last, with no small difficulty, and after much fatigue, we came, throught deep roads and bad weather, to our journey's end.


初学者常会写一系列的松句即并列句,不会写紧句,可能是受汉语的影响。如:The West Lake is one of the scenic places in China, and it looks its best in the springime, and many foreign tourists are attracted by it.可以这样改写:The West Lake, one of the scenic place in China, look its best in springtime, attracting many foreign tourists.
并列句常可以改为修饰语,同位语,或其他片语。初学者常会写一系列的松句即并列句,不会写紧句,可能是受汉语的影响。如:The West Lake is one of the scenic places in China, and it looks its best in the springime, and many foreign tourists are attracted by it.可以这样改写:The West Lake, one of the scenic place in China, look its best in springtime, attracting many foreign tourists.
并列句常可以改为修饰语,同位语,或其他片语。如:


原句:He is always a music lover and he never misses an opportunity to enjoy a concert.


修改:Always a music lover, he never misses an opportunity to enjoy a concert.


原句:The traveler was worn out by hnuger and fatigue, and he finally reached a village.


修改:The traveler, worn out by hunger and fatigue, finally reached a village.

Wednesday Apr 11, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——医学与心理健康

AIDS艾滋病

amnesia 记忆缺失,遗忘症

anesthetic麻醉剂

antibiotic抗生素

antidote解毒药

antiviral抗滤性病原体的

asthma气喘,哮喘

carcinogen致癌物

character education性格教育

cholera霍乱

clone克隆

coma昏厥

contagion接触传染

control panel控制台

diagnose诊断

dual personality双重人格

egocentric自我中心

egotism利己主义

epidemic流行病

extroversion外向性

euthanasia安乐死

faculty and staff教职员

feelings of insecurity不安全感

group therapy群体治疗

hypertension高血压

hypnosis催眠术

incidence发病率

indigestion消化不良

inoculation接种,预防注射

insane精神病的,精神病患者的

insomnia失眠()

introversion内向性

laissez-faire放任

lecture theatre阶梯教育

leukemia白血病

malaria疟疾

malignant恶性的

malnutrition营养不良

measles麻疹

medication添加药物,药物医疗

mental retardation智力迟钝

microfiche微型胶片

myopia近视眼

nauseate呕吐

neurological神经病学的

neurosis神经病

ointment药膏

paralysis瘫痪

physician内科医生

plague鼠疫,瘟疫

potency药力

precocity早熟

prescription处方

psychiatrist精神病医生

psychosis精神病

rapport和睦关系

rehabilitation康复,恢复

sedative镇静剂

self-actualization自我实现

self-medication自我医疗

stroke中风

surgery外科手术

symptom症状

toll伤亡,死亡

toxicologist毒物学家,毒理学家

tranquilizer镇静剂

ulcer溃疡

韩语简单句子(1)

 碰到韩国朋友,给他们说上几句韩语一定会让他们倍感亲切。一下子拉近彼此的关系。


如果你一点不会韩语,那么你不妨跟我一起学傻瓜速成韩语,一定会大有收获的!

1. 안녕하세요(安宁哈塞哟):见到韩国朋友说一句您好

2. 만나서 반갑습니다(满拉所 盼嘎不是米大):见到你很高兴

3. 부탁합니다(擦儿不它卡米大):多多关照

4. 감사합니다(卡目沙哈米大):谢谢

5. 죄송합니다(罪送哈米大):对不起

6. 안녕히 가세요(安宁习 卡色哟):再见,走好,在客人离开的时候主人对客人说的话

7. 안녕히 계세요(安宁习 给色哟):再见,对主人说的话

8. 사랑해요(萨朗黑哟):我爱你,在韩剧中经常可以听到的。

9. 좋아해요(做啊黑哟):喜欢

Tuesday Apr 10, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——食品卫生

 additive 添加剂

appetizer 开胃食

barbecue 烘烤

beef 牛肉

beef steak 牛排

beverage 饮料

buffet 自助餐

calorie 卡路里

carbohydrate 糖类

convenience food 方便食品

French
fires
法式炸薯条

Monday Apr 09, 2007

从汉语看英语修辞(2)

二、强调性
强调手段很多,可以用词汇,也可能用语法。两者再细分又有很多种类,如语法手段就有:位置的移动;使用掉尾句;渐进;倒装;使用主动语态等。
1.渐进
所谓渐进,就是前轻后重,英文是climax,如果轻重倒置,就叫anti-climax。Modern English Usage 对climax的解释是:“In rhetoric arrangement of a series of notions in such an order that each is more impressive than the preceding.”英文里如果前重后轻,修辞上是忌讳的。汉语里,一般是主要的放在前边,次要的放在后边。
1)英语先轻后重
原文:...which may eventually lead to the fall and decline of the government itself
修改:...which may eventually lead to the decline and fall of the government itself
说明:逻辑上,先有decline,然后才有fall.
2)重心在句末
原文:No one can live without the great love on this earth.
修改:No one can live on this earth without the great love.
说明:on this earth理应紧靠动词live,且从语言学角度看,without a great love 为全句之重心,理应置于句末。
原文:或者是推翻这些敌人,或者是被这些敌人所屠杀和压迫(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第394页)
译文:Therefore, we do not maintain that they should or must adopt the Chinese way.
原文:……就是没有提到这个问题,或者很少提到这个问题。
译文:...say little or nothing on this score.
原文:……他们的想法是狂妄的,是徒然的。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第51页)
译文:...their design is futile,crazy...
说明:英语把两个形容词倒过来。
原文:但是,像我们常说的那样,道路总是曲折的,前途总是光明的。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷288页)
译文:But as we have often said,while the road ahead is tortuous,the future is bright.
说明:虽然不应低估前进道路上的困难,但重点在前途光明。译文如不加while,后半句前面加and,处理为并列,就显然不妥当了。
原文:如果对于这种形势认识不足,或者根本不认识,那就要犯绝大的错误……
译文:If this is not understood at all or is insufficiently understood, the gravest of mistakes will be made...
说明:把顺序倒了过来,才能达到原文强调之意。“根本不认识”要犯大错误,甚至“认识不足”也要犯大错误,重点还是在后。

2.倒装
汉语话题总是在句首,说明总是在句尾;英语主语不一定在句首,谓语位置可在主语后边也可在句首。汉译英时必须考虑主语与谓语的位置,例如语法倒装、修辞倒装等。语法倒装有:Are you a student?  There is a cup on the table.修辞倒装是为了强调、平衡、描绘等,如:The door opened and in came a troop of children.(描绘)(门一开,一群孩子就一窝蜂似地拥了进来)。Up shot the rocket into the sky(描绘)(轰地一声火箭就冲上了天)。With much difficulty did she find her way home.(强调)(她好不容易才回到了家)。
英语句子的主语并不总是在前。这里我们的困难至少有两点,一个主谓倒装,二是主语的分割。
1)英语主谓倒装有语法的,也有语用的。英语句首句尾均为强调位置,不重要的词或短语放在中间。如:
弱:Mr. Chen graduated with highest honors, we were told.
强:Mr. Chen ,we were told, graduated with highest honors.
弱:Miss X will be called a model operator, in all probability.
强:Miss X will, in all probability, be called a model operator.

误:The college students must learn how to study their subject, only can the teacher do is to give them directions.
正:The college students must learn how to learn their subjects. What the teacher does is to give them some directions.

原文:So ever tedious as the task was, I considered it an honor to...
修改:Tedious as the task was, I considered it an honor to...
说明:“adj.+as the+n.+be ”是一个很有用的倒装句型,表示“让步”。原表达不规范。

原文:Then comes the patriotism.
修改:Another attitude is patriotism.
说明:原文系书面表达。

原文:任何一篇文章都不是纯粹的说明文。
误:Any piece of writing is seldom pure.
正:Seldom is any piece of writing pure exposition.
说明:英语不定词总是在否定词后,不在其前。再如:任何人都不能进来。(Nobody will come in.)

原文:莫高窟大门外,有一条河,过河有一溜空地,高高低低建着几座僧人圆寂塔。
译文:Outside the entrance to the Mogao Grotoes flows a river, and across the river is a piece of land on which stand several stupas in honour of the deceased abbots of the Mogao Grotoes.
说明:这句翻译为英语时,学生会用there is ...不会用倒装句。

原文:耕畜和大家具是否以迟一两年再入社为宜……
译文:Whether or not it is better to delay for a year or two the turning in of draught animals and larger farm implements as shares in the co-operative...
说明:“迟一两年”如在译文里放在最后,中间隔as shares in the co-operative显得别扭。而且一两年时间也比较重要,不是要放在很后。

2)主语的分割
在英语主语中如果中心词带有一个较长的定语,往往把这个定语后置。如:
A list has been drawn up of words we learned so far.
An interesting second system may be found which is also consistent with equation.
这种主语难学,更难使用,在中国学生的英语写作或汉译英中,几乎没有发现使用这种句子的,就是说,这种句子太难了,一般人都回避了。

原文:同时,帝国主义国家之间的矛盾,主要是美国和英国之间的矛盾也发展了。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第15页)
译文:At the same time, contradictions have developed between the imperialist countires, primarily between the United States and Britain.

3.平行句Parallelism
原文:...we can hear them coming out from the holes,singing with joy,greeting each other and discuss what to do.
修改:...we can hear them coming out from the holes,singing with joy, greeting each other and discussing what to do.
说明:本句作者使用了平行结构,此结构的一个要求是其中功能相同的结构词应取相同形式,如句子的coming/singing/greeting以及最后的discussing,而原句却未能注意此点,故意改句将discuss改成discussing.
原文:...the sky is blue while in city it is gray due to industry dusts
修改:...the sky is blue in the country while in the city it is grap due to industry dusts
说明:这实际上是parallelism,其中的in the country 不可缺少。



Friday Apr 06, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结--科技与信息

access arm 磁头臂,存取臂

access time 存取时间

alphanumeric 字母数字的

analog computer模拟计算机

analyst分析员

applications package应用软件

assembler汇编程序

automation自动化

band

bar code条形码

batch processing 成批处理

beeper传呼机

binary code 二进制码

binary digit二进制位,二进制数字

bit比特,二进制的一位

branch 分支,支线

brush 电刷

buffer storage缓冲存储器

bus总线

bus driver总线驱动程序

calculator计算器

call instruction呼叫指令

card punch卡片穿孔机

card reader卡片阅读机,读卡机

cell单元

central processing unit(CPU)中面处理器

channel通道,信道

character字符

check digit校验数位

circuit电路,线路

to clear清除,清零

to code编码

coder编码员,编码器

compact disk(CD)压缩盘

compiler编译程序

computer-assisted计算机辅助的

computer language计算机语言

comsat通讯卫星

console控制台

control unit控制部件,控制器

cordless telephone无绳电话

core storage, core store磁心存储器

counter 计数器

cursor 光标

cybernetics 控制论

cyberspace 电脑空间,网络世界

cycle 循环

data 数据

data processing 数据处理

debugging 调试

decision制定

default value默认值,缺少值

desktop台式电脑

digit数字,数位,

digital computer数字计算机

digital television数字电视

directory目录

disc,disk磁盘

display unit显示装置

DNA脱氧核糖核酸

Drum磁鼓

electronic control电子控制

electronic hearing aid电子助听器

electronic microscope电子显微镜

electronic products电子产品

E-mail电子邮件

fast-forward快进

emitter发射器

to encode编码

to erase擦除,清洗,抹除

feed馈送,供给

feedback反馈

field字段,信息组,

file文件

floppy disk软磁盘

floppy disk drive软磁盘机

flow chart流程图

frame

genetic engineering基因工程

hacker电脑黑客

hacking非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动,黑客行为

hardware硬件

hard disk硬盘

hi-tech高科技

identifier标识符

index索引

information信息

infrared红外线

internet(International Network)国际互联网络

inline processing内处理

input输入

jump转移

latency time等待时间

laser激光,激光器

library,程序阵

linkage连接

load装入,寄存,写入,加载

location存储单元

logger登记器,记录器

loop 循环

machine language机器语言

magnetic storage磁存储器

magnetic tape磁带

matrix矩阵

memory存储器

message信息,报文

microcomputer微型计算机

microprocessor微处理机

microwave oven微波炉

minicomputer小型计算机

modem 调制解调器

module组件,模块

monitor监视器,监督程序,管程

multimedia多媒体

nanosecond毫微秒

notebook笔记本电脑

nuclear fuel核燃料

numeric, numerical数字的,数值的

online service网上服务

operator操作员

optical character reader光符阅读机

optical scanner光扫描器

organ transplanting器官移植

output输出

overflow溢出,上溢

panel平板

palmtop掌上型电脑

parameter参数,参量

perforator穿孔机

peripheral equipment外围设备

personal computer个人计算机

portable computer便携式计算机

printed circuit印制电路

printout打印输出

process处理

processing unit处理部件

programmer程序设计员

programming程序设计,程序编制

pulse脉冲

punch穿孔

punched card, punch card穿孔卡片

punched tape, punch tape穿孔纸带

punch hole,穿孔

random access随机存取

RAM随机存储器

Reader阅读程序

real time实时

record,register记录

redundancy冗余

ROM只读储存器

Routine例行程序

Selector选择器,选择符

Sentinel标记

Sequence序列,顺序

Sequential顺序的

Serial串行的,连续的

Shift移位,移数

Signal信号

Simulation模拟

Simulator模拟器,模拟程序

software package软件包

solar cell太阳能电池

solar collector太阳能收集器

sorter分类人员,类机,类程序,序程序

storage存储器

subroutine, subprogram子程序

supercomputer超级计算机

symbolic language符号语言

synthetic resin合成树脂

synthetic rubber合成橡胶

tabulator 制表机

teleprinter电传打字机

terminal终端

terminal unit终端设备

timer时钟,密计时器

time sharing分时

timing定时

track磁道

transducer传感器,翻译机

translator翻译程序,翻译器

to update更新

video disk影碟

video phone可视电话

web网络

www(World Wide Web)

Winchester disk drive温彻斯特磁盘,硬盘机

Working storage工作存储器

Thursday Apr 05, 2007

时事阅读词汇总结——生态环境

acid rain 酸雨
afforestation
植树造林


balance of nature 生态平衡


carbon dioxide 二氧化碳


carbon monoxide 一氧化碳


decibel 分贝


deforestation 采伐森林


domestic sewage 生活污水


CFCS 氟里昂


ecology 生态学


eco-friendly 良好的生态环境


eco-label 生态标志


ecological conditions 生态环境


ecosystem 生态体统


environmentalist 环境工作者


flora 植物群


global warming 全球变暖


greenhouse effect 温室效应


infrared radiation 红外线辐射


natural resources 自然资源


noise pollution 噪音污染


noxious 有毒的


ozone hole 臭氧洞


ozone layer臭氧层


pollutant 污染物


pollution-free 无污染的


pollution index 浸染指数


rainforest 雨林


recycle 使再循环,再利用


refuse 垃圾,废物


sewage 污水


sewage disposal 污水处理


sewage purification 污水净化


sewage plant污水处理厂


soil pollution 土壤污染


solid waste 固体垃圾


ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射


water pollution 水污染


wipe out a species 使物种灭绝

Wednesday Apr 04, 2007

从汉语看英语修辞(1)

1.整体性


整体性包括:从属关系(不可主从倒置、误用并列,正确使用从属连词);并列关系;隔离关系。


(1)分清主从还是并列关系


一个句子表示一个意思,一个意思用一个句子表示,如果有两个意思,要分清它们是主从,还是并列。在英语里,句子内部的主从关系一般是主要的放在主句,放在谓语动词里,次要的放在从句,非谓语形式(non-finite forms of the verb)里如用动词不定式(infinitives)、分词(participles)、动名词(gerunds)来表达,如能运用得当,则文字更为自然,意思更为清晰。翻译时必须弄清句子内哪些成分是主要的,哪些是从属的,先要正确理解原文。


下列两句的意思是不一样的。


The waiters were serving coffee to the last diners when the ship struck the rock and sank.


When the waiters were serving coffee to the last diners, the ship struck the rock and sank.


①并列关系


凡两个句子,意思想的重要性相同,其词语的组织必然是平等的。如John is my brother. Mary is my sister .这两句话的意思同等重要,其词语组织是平行的。故可用and 连接起来。John is my brother and Mary is my sister. 注意一句内各成分的平行法,和各并列句的平行法,以及各自的功用。


原文:He always cares for other person's pains and sufferings, and stands out bravely in an emergence. Therefore,when a roommate of his falls seriously ill...


修改:He always cares for other person's pains and sufferings, and stands out bravely in an emergency. For example, when a roommate of his falls seriously ill...


说明:Therefore表示因果关系,这里是举例关系,应用For example。


②不是并列是主从:


One student comes to college from high school, he should adapt everything in college as fast as possible.


这两个句子是主从关系,不是并列关系,前句应加上when,句中adapt也用错了,是使自己适应,不是适应,中国学生对此常分不清。可改为:


When a student comes to college from high school, he should adapt himself to the college life as fast as possible.


原文:不要违反自愿原则,勉强地把他们拉进来。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第187页)


译文:...and we must not violate the voluntary principle by dragging them in against their will.(E.P.193)


说明:《毛泽东著作选读》甲种本译文是:drag them in against their will in violation of the voluntary principle,恰恰相反。哪一个动词是主要的决定于意思,中文没有动名词,很难从形式上来判断。但是从整节来看,主要讲的是自愿原则,所以以突出自愿原则为妥。


原文:依我看,第一个五年计划期内建成合作社,第二个五年计划期内合作社能得到巩固,那就很好了。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第380页)


译文:In my view, we will be doing well enough if the co-operatives can be consolidated during the Second Five-Year Plan after being eatablished in the First.(E.P.400)


说明:这是毛泽东主席在1957年2月讲的,合作社已基本建成,所谓“那就很好了”显然不是指建成合作社这一事实,而是指建成后五年内得到巩固的情况。因些,两个动词不应处理为并列,句子要采用主从结构才合适。


(2)英汉主句的位置


英语主句的位置可前可后,汉语的主句即正句总是在后边,故汉语称偏正复句。


①汉语因果句


因总是在前,果总是在后。英语可前可后,在后的要调制位置。如:


原文:生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧。


译文:Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.


原文:接到你们的祝贺函,我感到十分愉快和感激。


译文:I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.


②汉语条件句


总是条件在前,结果在后,英语条件句可前可后。如:


原文:小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能战胜大国的侵略。


译文:The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they are dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.


③汉语时间关系


英语句子里,主从句之间各从句的时间关系是由动词的时态或连词表示的,因此位置放在哪里都可以,汉语是按发生的先后顺序排列。如:


原文:I can still feel my heart beating fast, as I threw myself onto my bed, having escaped from being chased by the man.


译文:挣脱了那人的追逐后,我躺在自己的床上,仍能感到心脏在剧烈地跳动。