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Wednesday Apr 04, 2007

从汉语看英语修辞(1)

1.整体性


整体性包括:从属关系(不可主从倒置、误用并列,正确使用从属连词);并列关系;隔离关系。


(1)分清主从还是并列关系


一个句子表示一个意思,一个意思用一个句子表示,如果有两个意思,要分清它们是主从,还是并列。在英语里,句子内部的主从关系一般是主要的放在主句,放在谓语动词里,次要的放在从句,非谓语形式(non-finite forms of the verb)里如用动词不定式(infinitives)、分词(participles)、动名词(gerunds)来表达,如能运用得当,则文字更为自然,意思更为清晰。翻译时必须弄清句子内哪些成分是主要的,哪些是从属的,先要正确理解原文。


下列两句的意思是不一样的。


The waiters were serving coffee to the last diners when the ship struck the rock and sank.


When the waiters were serving coffee to the last diners, the ship struck the rock and sank.


①并列关系


凡两个句子,意思想的重要性相同,其词语的组织必然是平等的。如John is my brother. Mary is my sister .这两句话的意思同等重要,其词语组织是平行的。故可用and 连接起来。John is my brother and Mary is my sister. 注意一句内各成分的平行法,和各并列句的平行法,以及各自的功用。


原文:He always cares for other person's pains and sufferings, and stands out bravely in an emergence. Therefore,when a roommate of his falls seriously ill...


修改:He always cares for other person's pains and sufferings, and stands out bravely in an emergency. For example, when a roommate of his falls seriously ill...


说明:Therefore表示因果关系,这里是举例关系,应用For example。


②不是并列是主从:


One student comes to college from high school, he should adapt everything in college as fast as possible.


这两个句子是主从关系,不是并列关系,前句应加上when,句中adapt也用错了,是使自己适应,不是适应,中国学生对此常分不清。可改为:


When a student comes to college from high school, he should adapt himself to the college life as fast as possible.


原文:不要违反自愿原则,勉强地把他们拉进来。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第187页)


译文:...and we must not violate the voluntary principle by dragging them in against their will.(E.P.193)


说明:《毛泽东著作选读》甲种本译文是:drag them in against their will in violation of the voluntary principle,恰恰相反。哪一个动词是主要的决定于意思,中文没有动名词,很难从形式上来判断。但是从整节来看,主要讲的是自愿原则,所以以突出自愿原则为妥。


原文:依我看,第一个五年计划期内建成合作社,第二个五年计划期内合作社能得到巩固,那就很好了。(《毛泽东选集》第5卷第380页)


译文:In my view, we will be doing well enough if the co-operatives can be consolidated during the Second Five-Year Plan after being eatablished in the First.(E.P.400)


说明:这是毛泽东主席在1957年2月讲的,合作社已基本建成,所谓“那就很好了”显然不是指建成合作社这一事实,而是指建成后五年内得到巩固的情况。因些,两个动词不应处理为并列,句子要采用主从结构才合适。


(2)英汉主句的位置


英语主句的位置可前可后,汉语的主句即正句总是在后边,故汉语称偏正复句。


①汉语因果句


因总是在前,果总是在后。英语可前可后,在后的要调制位置。如:


原文:生活中既有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧。


译文:Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.


原文:接到你们的祝贺函,我感到十分愉快和感激。


译文:I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.


②汉语条件句


总是条件在前,结果在后,英语条件句可前可后。如:


原文:小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能战胜大国的侵略。


译文:The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they are dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.


③汉语时间关系


英语句子里,主从句之间各从句的时间关系是由动词的时态或连词表示的,因此位置放在哪里都可以,汉语是按发生的先后顺序排列。如:


原文:I can still feel my heart beating fast, as I threw myself onto my bed, having escaped from being chased by the man.


译文:挣脱了那人的追逐后,我躺在自己的床上,仍能感到心脏在剧烈地跳动。