Monday May 28, 2007
英语句型转换(2)
二、宾语与主语/表语/状语/定语的转化
1）宾语与主语的转换
His heart swelled with pride.→Pride swelled his heart.
The wind swelled out the sails.→The sails swelled out in the wind.
Mark rested his head in his hands.→His arms were resting on the table.
2)宾语与表语的转换
我们知道，谓动可以转换为表语，这时谓动用be,也可以转换为宾语，谓动用have，所以have句和be句可以互相转换。如：
I desired to know further details.
→I had a strong desire to know further details.
→I was strongly desirous to know further details.
我很想知道下一步的详情。
We can win the war.
→We have teh capability of winning the war.
我们能够赢得这声战争。
The news pleased me.
→I was pleased to hear the news.
→I have the pleasure of hearing the news.
我听到这消息很高兴。
The young farm boy looked healthy.
→The young farm boy had a healthy look.
农场的那个小男孩看上去很健康。
许多动词都可以转化为名词，又可以转化为形容词。如：
die → death →dead
free → freedom → free
heal →health →healthy
starve →starvation →starving
thrive →thrift →thrifty
表示长短、宽窄、高低、深浅、粗细等形容词，都有名词对应。如：
The river is 200 kilometers long.
→The river has a length of 200 kilometers.
The building is 20 meters high.
→The building has a height of 20 meters.
科技英语中动词大约三分之一是be,另一个常用的动词是have。如不说：Tin resists corrosion by air and water. 而说：Tin has a resistance to corrosion by air and water.上句讲行为，下句讲性质。故下句常用于科技文章中。再如不说：Water boils at 100℃。
When gases, liquid, and solids are heated, solids make the smallest expansion, liquid makes a greater expansion, and gases make the greatest expansion.
气体、液体、固体加热时，固体膨胀最小，液体体积较大，气体最大。
This truck carries a maximum load of five tons.
这辆卡车的最大载重量为五吨。
在科技文献中，对不具有动作行为含义的虚词汉译时省略，而将动作名词的动作译出，连系动词也是这样。
3）宾语与状语的转换
在汉语里我们可以说“种地”，也可以说“种麦子”,我们可以说“把池塘抽干”，也可以说“把池塘的水抽干”。英语里也是这样，下边是英语也可以这样用的一些动词，其宾语与状语互换之后意思大体不变。
(1)表示“塞入”意义的动词，如stuff,pack, cram, load等；
William stuffed the bag with old clothes.
→William stuffed old clothes into the bag.
(2)表示“堆集”意义的动词，如pile, heap, stack等：
He heaped the plated with food.
→He heaped food on the plate.
(3)表示“提供”意义的动词，如provide, present等；
He presented a silver cup to the winner.
→He presented the winner with a silver cup.
(4)表示“喷洒”意义的动词，如plaster, spray, strew, smear, prinkle, squirt, spatter等：
They spray an plants with an insecticide.
→They spray an insecticide upon plants.
(5)表示“种植”意义的动词，如plant, sow, cultivate, grow等：
He planted his garden with rose bushes.
→He planted rose bushes in his garden.
(6)表示“刻画” 意义的动词，如mark, engrave, inscribe, stamp等；
He engraved the silver plate with my name.
→He engraved my name on the silver plate.
(7)表示“注射”意义的动词，如inject：
They are injecting new drugs into him.
→They are injecting new drugs into him.
(8)表示“清除”意义的动词，如clear, empty,strip, drain等；
They drained the pond of water.
→They drained water from the pond.
(9)表示“捆，系，包”意义的动词，如tie, wrap等：
I wrapped the book in brown paper.
→I wrapped brown paper around the book.
(10)表示“覆盖”意义的动词，如spread等：
She spread the bread with butter.
→She spread butter onto the bread.
4)状语与定语的转化
两句变一句：
An object is placed in the sun. An object becomes hot.
→An object which is placed in the sun becomes hot.
定语从句变成分词短语：
An object which is placed in the sun becomes hot.
→An object placed in the sun becomes hot.
定语从句变成条件从句：
An object which is placed in the sun becomes hot.
→An object becomes hot when/if it is placed in the sun.
5)条件状语的转换
条件从句：If it is mixed with oxygen, this sort of fuel can be burned and release a series of gases.
省略式从句：If mixed with oxygen, this fuel can be burned and release some gases.
分词短语：Mixed with oxygen, this fuel can be burned and release gases.
介词短语：With oxygen, this fuel can be burned, releasing gases.
xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事
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发布时间: 04:49PM May 28, 2007
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Monday May 21, 2007
英语句型转换(1)
一个意思可以有许多不同的表达方式，从句型转换的角度看，这种转换有一定的规律。
一、谓动向主语/宾语/表语的转化
据张今先生研究，英语行为名词是由于谓语动词要向主语、宾语、表语转化而形成的。
1）谓动向主语转化
谓语动词可以变为动作名词作主语，如：
He attends scholl regularly.
他按时到校上学。
→His attendance at school is regular.
他上学很准时。
The partisans resisted the enemy stubbornly.
游击队对敌人进行了顽强的抵抗。
→The resistance of the partisans against the enemy was stubborn.
游击队对敌人的抵抗是顽强的。
所谓合句，通常是把一句变成一个名词词组作另一个句子的主语。如：
They entered into the war. This changed the whole situation.他们参战了，这改变了事个局势。
→Their entry into the war changed the whole situation.他们的参战改变了整个局势。
The old man adopted the girl. This changed the girl's whole life.→The old man's adoption of the girl changed her whold life.这位老人收养了这个女孩，这改变了她的一生。
原来前一句所含的原因条件意义就隐含在主语里了。由于这样的转换，有些动作名词主语表示状语的意思，英译汉时按汉语表达习惯，要译为状语才通顺。如：
条件：He said the realization of this objective will bring China into the front ranks of the countries of the world in terms of gross national income and the output of major industrial and agricultural products.
他说，一旦这一目标实现，中国就将在国民收入总额和主要工农产品的产量上居于世界前列。
原因：My regard to the constitution forbids a compliance with your request.
为了遵守宪法，我不能同意你的请求。
时间：His addition completed the list.
把他添上以后，名单就完备了。
结果：His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked.
他所以这样做是由于担心人家攻击他。
其他：My admiration for him grew more.
我对他越发敬佩了。
2）谓动向宾语的转化
谓语动词变为动作名词作宾语，谓语动词另找一个，这个谓语动词称为虚动词。
He slept well.→He had a good sleep.
他好好地睡了一觉。
She dislikes him.→She has a dislike for him.她不喜欢他。
He bit the apple.他咬了这个苹果。
→He took two bites at the apple.
他咬了这个苹果两口。
I’m not good at making approaches to strangers.
我不会与生人打交道。
句中的making approaches意为“接近”,我们可能会说成I'm not good at approaching to strangers.
英语动词是实词，不是虚词。就是说，英语句子中的动词都有它的实在意义，不像虚词那样只表示关系。但是英语句子中的动词，有时也无实义，只是虚设而已。如一般不说Shall we rest?而说Shall we have a rest?这个句子中的have就是一个虚设动词。它本来是实义动词，有自己的意义，但在have a rest中没有意义。这是英语动词虚实的两面性。
最常用的虚动词有五个have,take, make, do, give,试比较它他在下列各句中的用法。
Have:He fell for several times.→He had several falls.
他跌倒了好几次。
Take:He sipped his tea.→He took a sip of his tea.
他喝了一口茶。
Make:He did not reply.→He made no reply.
他没有回答。
Do:Martin did not read that night.→Martin did no reading that night.
马丁那天晚上没有看书。
Give:He laughed suddenly.→He giave a sudden laugh.
虚动词也有它的习惯用法。
Have 表示时间的持续性：
She had a good sleep.她好好地睡了一觉。
Her face had a healthy glow.她红光满面。
He has the healthy appetite of an adolescent.他的胃口好，跟年轻人一样。
Take表示时间的起点：
She took a walk after supper.她晚饭后散步。
He did not notice my complaints.→He took no notice of my complaints.他没有注意我的抱怨。
Do表示有害的影响：
The accident did a lot of damage to the car.
这一事故把汽车损坏得很厉害。
Make 表示有意而为之：
He suggested that...
→He made the suggestion that...
他建议....
The distributions were made to adult male citizens.
发放救济只对男性公民。
Give 同脚踢手打之类表示身体器官的动词连用：
He wouldn't consent.→He wouldn't give his consent.
他不同意。
因此，虚动词也不是随便使用的，常会出现搭配不当的错误。
请注意以下句子的表达，中国学生的作文是如何被美国老师修改的。好像中国人的思维与英语的虚动词用法正好一样，美国人却认为那样表达不简洁等等。
有进步have improvements:
误：Seeing that they have improvements, I will feel...
正：Seeing that they have improved, I will feel...
汉语说“有进步”，是动宾结构，英语只用动词就够了。
有……感觉had the feeling of →felt
原文：For the first time in my life I had the feeling of my heart pounding wildly.
修改：For the first time in my life I felt my heart pounding wildly.
说明：had the feeling of 可以压缩成一个词。
除上述have, take, make, do, give等虚动词，在某些成语中的动词也是虚动词，如：
to pay a visit, to pay attention to,to put up a resistance
We get most of our knowledge through the five senses.
我们的多数知识都是通过这五种官能获得的。
Discharge of the content of the tank is effected/performed/obtained by a pump.
句中的三个谓语动词均无实义，句子的意义由主语和by短语表达。
3）谓动向表语转化
（1）谓语动词可以变为动作名词作表语
This article analyzed the world situation profoundly.
这篇文章深刻地分析了世界形势。
→This article was a profound analysis of the world situation.
He disappointed his family.
他使他家里的人都失望了。
→He was a disappointment to his family.
Dancing delighted her.跳舞使她高兴了。
→Dancing was her delight.
两个常见名词后缀-er/-ee；
He works in that factory.
他在那个工厂工作。
→He is a worker in that factory.
(2)谓语动词变为形容词作表语
主动形容词：动词+后缀-ful -ive -al -ing
She always attended to her younger brother.
她总是关心她的小弟弟。
→She was always atttentive to her younger brother.
The chile's bad language shocks everyone.
听了这孩子的脏话大家都愣了。
→The child's bad language is shocking to everyone.
被动形容词：动词+ed, -able
He can be relied upon.
他是靠得住的。
→He is reliable.
His disease can be cured.
他的病能治好。
→His disease is curable.
比较下列主被动形容词：
divisive 能引起分裂的/divisible可分裂的，attractive有吸引力的/attractable可被吸引的，conductive有传导力的/conductible可传导的，descriptive具有描述性的/describable可被描述的，preventive有预防能力的/preventable可预防的
He is forgetful of his meals.他忘了吃饭。
Names are forgettable.名字经常会忘掉的。
He is imaginative.他有想象力。
The solution is imaginable.这种解决办法是可以想到的。
4）谓动向状语转化
They complained.→They sighed complainingly.
句子的重心不是sigh，而是complainingly.即大家怨声载道牢骚满腹。
As description develops by analyzing a physical object or scene into its parts and arranging these in space, so narration develops by analyzing a story into the events that compose it and arranging these in time.
句中develop没有多少实在的意义，主要是起形式上的谓语动词作用。句子的主要意义在主语和状语之中。可以汉译为：
正如描写文把物体或景物分成几部分，而后按其空间顺序逐一描写一样，记叙文则是把故事分成几个事件，然后再按时间顺序逐一叙述。
xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事
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发布时间: 03:04PM May 21, 2007
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Wednesday May 16, 2007
汉英相似句型比较之汉语句型转换
汉语句型转换
一、汉语句型分类
1）单句：有两种结构六种句型：
（1）主谓结构：
①动词谓语句：无宾句，单宾句，双宾句，兼语句，连谓句，被字句，有字句，把字句，使字句，连字句，对字句
②形容词谓语句：得字句
③名词谓语句：是字句，像字句，当字句，值字句
（2）非主谓结构：
①省略句
②无主句：泛指句
③独词句
2）复句：由单句合成的复句，又有两种结构，每种结构下又有多种关系：
（1）联合结构
①并列关系：几个分句说明一件事的几个方面，有的无关联语，有的有关联词语：又、也，可以……也可以，既……又，既能……又能，一边……一边，一面……一面，一方面……更一方面。叙述相反的情况：无关联词语；有关联词语：不是……而是，是……而不是，只有……没有，只能……而不能。起补充、解释、说明、比况作用，有的无关联词语，有的有关联词语。
②承接关系：关联词语：再、便、就、才、于是、从而、后来、然后、那么、越……越。
③进层关系：一个关联词语：更、并且、甚至、何况、尤其；一对关联词语：不但……而且，不只……还，不光……并且，不但……反而/反倒，竟然。
④选择关系
任选：或者，或者……或者，是……还是。二选一；不是……就是，要么……要么。取此舍彼；宁可A，决不B。舍此取彼：与其A，不如B。
⑤解说关系：
解证式：如，例如，即，就是，总之，等。总分式：……有两种：一种是……别一种是……。
（2）偏正结构
①因果关系：说明因果：因为……所以，由于……就，……因此/从而，之所以……是因为，……以致辞，致使；推论因果：既然……就，……可见。
②条件关系：
假设条件：如果/要是/假如/若……就/便/那么，若……则。否则/要不然，即使……也，就是……也，哪怕……也，尽管……也。
特定条件：只有……才，除非……才，只要……就。
无条件：无论……也/都，不管……都，任凭……。
③转折关系：重转折：虽然A，但是B，B虽然A，尽管……却，而；轻转折：无虽然部分。
④让步关系：即使……也，纵然……，就算……。
⑤目的关系：为了A才B，B为的是A；免得。
（3）紧缩句
①一……就
②非……不=一定要
③不……不，前一不表示假设条件，后边表结果：如果不……就不
④再……也=即使……也，再是假设条件，也表转折
⑤不……也=即使……也
⑥越……越
⑦就：你有看法就说。
⑧也：看也不看。
⑨才：他看了书才明白。
⑩再：你等一会再出去。
⒒都：做什么事都得卖力气。
⒓还：能去还是去吧！
二、话题—说明转换
原文：超大规模集成电路现在已研制出来了。→现在已研制出了超大规模集成电路。
译文：The Super Large Scale Integrated Circuit has been now developed.
原句的话题与说明与转换句的话题说明颠倒一下，两句所表示的话题不一样。英语造句不是话题说明，而是主动宾，ths Super Large Scale Integrated Circuit总是受动者，此处用被动语态造句。
原文：器件损坏现象发生了。→发生了器件损坏的现象。
译文：The damage to parts of apparatus have occurred.
There have occurred the damage to parts of apparatus.
原文：核力才显示出来。→才显示出核力来。
译文：Nuclear power has just displayed itself.
三、连续说明转换
1）α射线在组织中通过较慢，穿透距离甚短，至多只有几百微米。
话题 说明1 说明2 说明3
2）在组织中通过较慢的α射线，穿透距离甚短，至多只有几百微米。
定语1 话题 说明2 说明3
3）在组织中通过较慢、穿透距离甚短的α射线，至多只能穿透几百微米。
定语1 定语2 话题 说明3
1）式为地道的汉语，首先提出话题，后边接着三个说明。3）式受外语影响最大。汉译英时要能把1）变为3），然后译出的英语就地道多了。
The α ray goes slowly in the tissue and penetrate very little, at most hundreds of microns.
四、大小主语转换
原文：该夹持器结构合理。→该夹持器的结构合理。
译文：The structure of the holder is reasonable.
说明：“该夹持器”是话题，“结构合理”是说明，这个说明又是个话题—说明结构，有人称这种句子为大小主语句。
五、状语/补语转换
原文：类似的现象可能在盐湖中发生。→类似的现象可能发生在盐湖中。
译文：The similar phenomena may occur in the salt lake.
六、定名/动宾的转换
原文：距离的测定→测定距离
译文：the measurement of distance
说明：现在定名式用得越来越多，这是受了外语的影响，英译汉时要尽量避免，汉译英时要知道当用的形式。
七、状语/宾语转换
原文：古希腊人对人的性格进行了研究。→古希腊人研究了人的性格。
译文：The ancient Greeks studied the human temperament.
原文：脉冲激光系统已在人造卫星上进行了试验。
译文：A pulsed laser system has been tested on a satellite.
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发布时间: 02:27PM May 16, 2007
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Monday May 14, 2007
英语缩短句子的方法
有一位著名的心理学家叫George Miller,他研究人的记忆能力的时候曾证明，一个人通常只能记住5-7个独立的信息项。信息项长了，记忆就费劲了。
George Miller的理论使我们想到了汉语造句的科学性。汉语造句通常比较短，诗词最长不超过9个字，一般是5个字或7个字，所以背起来比较容易，现代汉语句子长了，主要是受翻译文章的影响。句子长了也有好处，即容纳的信息量增加了。各信息之间的逻辑关系也比较明确了。但这只限于书面文章，是供阅读的不易背诵。
英语的句子有多长？上海交通大学黄人杰等1984年有计算机统计科技英语，平均句长为21.453词/句。1993年又统计一次，约22.73词/句。这样看来，英语句子的长度远远走出了普通人所能记住的信息项。这对阅读和理解是个很大的困难，更不用说记忆了。但是，实际情况并非如此。英语在它的发展过程中，也创造出了自身的规律来适应人的记忆特点，这就是虽然句子很长，但句子的基本结构很短，大概也总在5-9个信息项左右，人们读完了句子的基本结构，句子的意思也基本清楚了，记忆也不大费劲了。
英语句子很长，但基本结构很短，英语缩短或控制基本结构短的方法很多。
一、使用it作形式主语
It 虽也用作人称代词，但主要是用作先行词,作形式主语。当主语较长时，就用it作形式主语，以便交待清楚句子结构，给人一个整体概念。长主语有不定式短语、动名词短语、从句等。常见句型是：
It is natural that...
It is not difficult to learn a foreign language if you spend time and effort on it.
It is so use crying over spilt milk.
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It is seldom the case that...
It makes all the fifference that...
It follows that...
It +V-ed that...
二、使用it 做形式宾语
She found it difficult to answer the question.
I think it no use telling them.
由that引导的宾语从句，如后边还有补语，则在that 位置上用it作其形式宾语。如：
We have made it clear that agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.
The experiment makes it evident that air has pressure.
Do you think it possible that the work will be finished by the end of this month?
三、倒装
Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach.
Gone are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
这种句子中国人不会用。
We have sent the research, development, and testing office in Chicago a gas analyzer.→
We have sent a gas analyzer to the research, development, and testing office in Chicago.
原句较长，基本结构也长，改变了句子的成分以后,基本结构显得短了，到to就可意识到了全句的结构了，因而也就容易了。
四、同位语从句
This results from the fact that many letters must be dictated, or written rapidly and mailed with little if any revision.(MTW p.336)
摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义
xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事
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发布时间: 12:02PM May 14, 2007
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Friday May 11, 2007
科技英语文体
一、名词前置句
英语句子一般是语语短谓语长，但科技英语相反。如：
1.Car D is the most expensive.
2.The most expensive car is D.
3.The car with highest price is D.
句1为口语，句2为前置句，句3句词在最前边，称为名词前置句。这种句子与科技英语爱用被动语态、虚拟词是同一个道理，即都是弱化动词，强化名词。再如：
原文：讨论了发展中国家不断增长的人口对食物和纤维制品的需求。
译文：The demands for food and fiber for ever increasing population in developing countries are discussed.
原文：证明了用洗涤法从工厂烟道中除去氧化硫是可行的。
译文：The feasibility of a scrubbing process for the removal of sulfur oxides from factory flue gases is shown.
二、一般英语用主动，科技英语用被动
一般英语强调用主动语态，科技英语则强调用被动语态，实际上被动语态约占三分之一。科技英语之所以用被动句是因为：
1）过多的提人无必要，还容易含混不清。
一般英语：You can rectify this fault if you insert a wedge...
科技英语：Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge...
2)主语中可带更多的内容。
一般英语：The contents of the tank are discharged by a pump.
科技英语：Discharge of the contents of the tank is effected/performed/obtained by a pump.
By 引出使动者或方法，with引出工具（通常指可拿在手里的）。
3）被动句更简洁。
原文：The loading of the automatic lathe is carried out obtained.
译文：自动车床是用人工上料的。
原文：In some boilers, temperature of over 1650℃ may be obtained.
译文：有些锅炉的温度可能超过摄氏1650度。
三、动词/动名词与动作名词
动词可以变成动作名词以缩短句子结构。
动词：If we compare Type A with Type B, we will find that the former is more advantageous to our purpose.
动作名词：A comparison of Type A with Type B shows that the former has more advantages for our purpose.
动词：Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.
动作名词：Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.
动名词的动词意义多，所以可以跟宾语。动作名词的名词意义多，所以前边可以有冠词，后边不能跟宾语，要加上of 后再跟宾语。
动名词：Filament is heated by applying a voltage.
动作名词：Filament is heated by the application of a voltage.
动名词：If the machines are tested by this method, there will be some loss of power.
动作名词：The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power.
摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义
xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事
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发布时间: 11:11AM May 11, 2007
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