英语缩短句子的方法
有一位著名的心理学家叫George Miller,他研究人的记忆能力的时候曾证明,一个人通常只能记住5-7个独立的信息项。信息项长了,记忆就费劲了。
George Miller的理论使我们想到了汉语造句的科学性。汉语造句通常比较短,诗词最长不超过9个字,一般是5个字或7个字,所以背起来比较容易,现代汉语句子长了,主要是受翻译文章的影响。句子长了也有好处,即容纳的信息量增加了。各信息之间的逻辑关系也比较明确了。但这只限于书面文章,是供阅读的不易背诵。
英语的句子有多长?上海交通大学黄人杰等1984年有计算机统计科技英语,平均句长为21.453词/句。1993年又统计一次,约22.73词/句。这样看来,英语句子的长度远远走出了普通人所能记住的信息项。这对阅读和理解是个很大的困难,更不用说记忆了。但是,实际情况并非如此。英语在它的发展过程中,也创造出了自身的规律来适应人的记忆特点,这就是虽然句子很长,但句子的基本结构很短,大概也总在5-9个信息项左右,人们读完了句子的基本结构,句子的意思也基本清楚了,记忆也不大费劲了。
英语句子很长,但基本结构很短,英语缩短或控制基本结构短的方法很多。
一、使用it作形式主语
It 虽也用作人称代词,但主要是用作先行词,作形式主语。当主语较长时,就用it作形式主语,以便交待清楚句子结构,给人一个整体概念。长主语有不定式短语、动名词短语、从句等。常见句型是:
It is natural that...
It is not difficult to learn a foreign language if you spend time and effort on it.
It is so use crying over spilt milk.
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It is seldom the case that...
It makes all the fifference that...
It follows that...
It +V-ed that...
二、使用it 做形式宾语
She found it difficult to answer the question.
I think it no use telling them.
由that引导的宾语从句,如后边还有补语,则在that 位置上用it作其形式宾语。如:
We have made it clear that agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.
The experiment makes it evident that air has pressure.
Do you think it possible that the work will be finished by the end of this month?
三、倒装
Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the stomach.
Gone are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
这种句子中国人不会用。
We have sent the research, development, and testing office in Chicago a gas analyzer.→
We have sent a gas analyzer to the research, development, and testing office in Chicago.
原句较长,基本结构也长,改变了句子的成分以后,基本结构显得短了,到to就可意识到了全句的结构了,因而也就容易了。
四、同位语从句
This results from the fact that many letters must be dictated, or written rapidly and mailed with little if any revision.(MTW p.336)
摘自《汉译英基础教程》马秉义
xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事
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发布时间: 12:02PM May 14, 2007
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