英语句型转换(1)
一个意思可以有许多不同的表达方式，从句型转换的角度看，这种转换有一定的规律。
一、谓动向主语/宾语/表语的转化
据张今先生研究，英语行为名词是由于谓语动词要向主语、宾语、表语转化而形成的。
1）谓动向主语转化
谓语动词可以变为动作名词作主语，如：
He attends scholl regularly.
他按时到校上学。
→His attendance at school is regular.
他上学很准时。
The partisans resisted the enemy stubbornly.
游击队对敌人进行了顽强的抵抗。
→The resistance of the partisans against the enemy was stubborn.
游击队对敌人的抵抗是顽强的。
所谓合句，通常是把一句变成一个名词词组作另一个句子的主语。如：
They entered into the war. This changed the whole situation.他们参战了，这改变了事个局势。
→Their entry into the war changed the whole situation.他们的参战改变了整个局势。
The old man adopted the girl. This changed the girl's whole life.→The old man's adoption of the girl changed her whold life.这位老人收养了这个女孩，这改变了她的一生。
原来前一句所含的原因条件意义就隐含在主语里了。由于这样的转换，有些动作名词主语表示状语的意思，英译汉时按汉语表达习惯，要译为状语才通顺。如：
条件：He said the realization of this objective will bring China into the front ranks of the countries of the world in terms of gross national income and the output of major industrial and agricultural products.
他说，一旦这一目标实现，中国就将在国民收入总额和主要工农产品的产量上居于世界前列。
原因：My regard to the constitution forbids a compliance with your request.
为了遵守宪法，我不能同意你的请求。
时间：His addition completed the list.
把他添上以后，名单就完备了。
结果：His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked.
他所以这样做是由于担心人家攻击他。
其他：My admiration for him grew more.
我对他越发敬佩了。
2）谓动向宾语的转化
谓语动词变为动作名词作宾语，谓语动词另找一个，这个谓语动词称为虚动词。
He slept well.→He had a good sleep.
他好好地睡了一觉。
She dislikes him.→She has a dislike for him.她不喜欢他。
He bit the apple.他咬了这个苹果。
→He took two bites at the apple.
他咬了这个苹果两口。
I’m not good at making approaches to strangers.
我不会与生人打交道。
句中的making approaches意为“接近”,我们可能会说成I'm not good at approaching to strangers.
英语动词是实词，不是虚词。就是说，英语句子中的动词都有它的实在意义，不像虚词那样只表示关系。但是英语句子中的动词，有时也无实义，只是虚设而已。如一般不说Shall we rest?而说Shall we have a rest?这个句子中的have就是一个虚设动词。它本来是实义动词，有自己的意义，但在have a rest中没有意义。这是英语动词虚实的两面性。
最常用的虚动词有五个have,take, make, do, give,试比较它他在下列各句中的用法。
Have:He fell for several times.→He had several falls.
他跌倒了好几次。
Take:He sipped his tea.→He took a sip of his tea.
他喝了一口茶。
Make:He did not reply.→He made no reply.
他没有回答。
Do:Martin did not read that night.→Martin did no reading that night.
马丁那天晚上没有看书。
Give:He laughed suddenly.→He giave a sudden laugh.
虚动词也有它的习惯用法。
Have 表示时间的持续性：
She had a good sleep.她好好地睡了一觉。
Her face had a healthy glow.她红光满面。
He has the healthy appetite of an adolescent.他的胃口好，跟年轻人一样。
Take表示时间的起点：
She took a walk after supper.她晚饭后散步。
He did not notice my complaints.→He took no notice of my complaints.他没有注意我的抱怨。
Do表示有害的影响：
The accident did a lot of damage to the car.
这一事故把汽车损坏得很厉害。
Make 表示有意而为之：
He suggested that...
→He made the suggestion that...
他建议....
The distributions were made to adult male citizens.
发放救济只对男性公民。
Give 同脚踢手打之类表示身体器官的动词连用：
He wouldn't consent.→He wouldn't give his consent.
他不同意。
因此，虚动词也不是随便使用的，常会出现搭配不当的错误。
请注意以下句子的表达，中国学生的作文是如何被美国老师修改的。好像中国人的思维与英语的虚动词用法正好一样，美国人却认为那样表达不简洁等等。
有进步have improvements:
误：Seeing that they have improvements, I will feel...
正：Seeing that they have improved, I will feel...
汉语说“有进步”，是动宾结构，英语只用动词就够了。
有……感觉had the feeling of →felt
原文：For the first time in my life I had the feeling of my heart pounding wildly.
修改：For the first time in my life I felt my heart pounding wildly.
说明：had the feeling of 可以压缩成一个词。
除上述have, take, make, do, give等虚动词，在某些成语中的动词也是虚动词，如：
to pay a visit, to pay attention to,to put up a resistance
We get most of our knowledge through the five senses.
我们的多数知识都是通过这五种官能获得的。
Discharge of the content of the tank is effected/performed/obtained by a pump.
句中的三个谓语动词均无实义，句子的意义由主语和by短语表达。
3）谓动向表语转化
（1）谓语动词可以变为动作名词作表语
This article analyzed the world situation profoundly.
这篇文章深刻地分析了世界形势。
→This article was a profound analysis of the world situation.
He disappointed his family.
他使他家里的人都失望了。
→He was a disappointment to his family.
Dancing delighted her.跳舞使她高兴了。
→Dancing was her delight.
两个常见名词后缀-er/-ee；
He works in that factory.
他在那个工厂工作。
→He is a worker in that factory.
(2)谓语动词变为形容词作表语
主动形容词：动词+后缀-ful -ive -al -ing
She always attended to her younger brother.
她总是关心她的小弟弟。
→She was always atttentive to her younger brother.
The chile's bad language shocks everyone.
听了这孩子的脏话大家都愣了。
→The child's bad language is shocking to everyone.
被动形容词：动词+ed, -able
He can be relied upon.
他是靠得住的。
→He is reliable.
His disease can be cured.
他的病能治好。
→His disease is curable.
比较下列主被动形容词：
divisive 能引起分裂的/divisible可分裂的，attractive有吸引力的/attractable可被吸引的，conductive有传导力的/conductible可传导的，descriptive具有描述性的/describable可被描述的，preventive有预防能力的/preventable可预防的
He is forgetful of his meals.他忘了吃饭。
Names are forgettable.名字经常会忘掉的。
He is imaginative.他有想象力。
The solution is imaginable.这种解决办法是可以想到的。
4）谓动向状语转化
They complained.→They sighed complainingly.
句子的重心不是sigh，而是complainingly.即大家怨声载道牢骚满腹。
As description develops by analyzing a physical object or scene into its parts and arranging these in space, so narration develops by analyzing a story into the events that compose it and arranging these in time.
句中develop没有多少实在的意义，主要是起形式上的谓语动词作用。句子的主要意义在主语和状语之中。可以汉译为：
正如描写文把物体或景物分成几部分，而后按其空间顺序逐一描写一样，记叙文则是把故事分成几个事件，然后再按时间顺序逐一叙述。
xiaoxiao123 发布在 每日记事
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发布时间: 03:04PM May 21, 2007
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